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RUSVM Physiology 1 > Neurophysiology - CNS, PNS, CSF, BBB > Flashcards

Neurophysiology - CNS, PNS, CSF, BBB Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the CNS?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Functions of brain

A

Receive and process sensory information
Initiate responses
Store memories
Generate thoughts and emotions

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3
Q

Functions of spinal cord

A

Conduct signals to and from brain

Control reflex activities

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4
Q

What are the 2 main subdivisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory (afferent) (visceral and somatic)

Motor (efferent) (visceral and somatic)

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5
Q

Function of sensory (afferent) division

A

Bring info from receptors to CNS

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6
Q

Functions of visceral sensory division

A

Provide info about internal organs via visceral receptors and sensory neurons

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7
Q

Functions of somatic sensory division

A

Provide info about position, touch, pressure and pain via somatic receptors and sensory neurons

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8
Q

Function of motor (efferent) division

A

Carry motor commands from CNS to peripheral tissues and systems.

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9
Q

Functions of visceral motor division

*2 subdivisions

A

Autonomic regulation of smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue.

Sympathetic (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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10
Q

Function of somatic motor division

A

Control skeletal muscle contractions (voluntary)

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11
Q

Parts of a neuron (7)

A
  1. Dendrites - receive info
  2. Cell body (soma) - contains oraganelles
  3. Axon - ext of cell membrane, carries info
  4. Axon Hillock/Trigger Zone - axon origin, AP origin
  5. Presynaptic Terminal - transmits info
  6. Myelin Sheath - increases transfer speed
  7. Nodes of Ranvier - Gaps in myelin sheath
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12
Q

Structural classifications of neurons (4)

A
  1. Multipolar - most common - 1 axon, many dendrites
  2. Bipolar - 2 processes (1 axon, 1 dendrite)
  3. Pseudounipolar - single stem process that bifurcates to form 2 processes (1 to PNS, 1 to CNS)
  4. Unipolar - dendrites and axon stem from a single process. Common in insects
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13
Q

Functional classifications of neurons (3)

A
  1. Sensory - most pseudounipolar, send info from receptors toward CNS
  2. Interneurons (association) -multi or bipolar, in CNS, connect sensory and motor neurons.
  3. Motor - multipolar, send info from CNS to muscles/glands (effector organs)
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14
Q

Types of Glial cells (5)

A
  1. Microglial cells (CNS)
  2. Astrocytes (CNS)
  3. Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
  4. Ependymal cells (CNS)
  5. Schwann cells (PNS)
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15
Q

Astrocyte functions

A

Star shaped w/ long processes.

Structural and metabolic support for neurons

form inner and outer glial limiting membrane

neurotrophic (neuronal survival)

elongate axons/dendrites

tissue repair

neuron communication

control neurotrans around synapse.

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16
Q

Oligodendrocyte functions

A

Support to axons of neurons in CNS
Processes to form myelin
Myelinate most axons > 1um diameter

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17
Q

Ependymal cell functions

A

Cover ventricles of brain, central canal and choroid plexus.

Involved in creating CSF.

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18
Q

Schwann cell functions

A

(neurolemmocytes).

Support axons of neurons in PNS (similar to oligodendrocytes).

Each cell forms internodes of myelin sheath.

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19
Q

Major functional areas of the brain (5)

A
  1. Cerebrum (telencephalon)
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Thalamus
  4. Hypothalamus
  5. Brainstem
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20
Q

Functions of cerebrum

A

Role in conscious experience of sensation and initiation of voluntary movement.

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21
Q

Functions of cerebellum

A

Role in synchronizing muscle activity and controlling equilibrium and eye movement.
Works with vestibular system.

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22
Q

Damage to cerebellum causes:

A

Loss of spatial accuracy and smooth execution of movement.

Loss of equilibrium.

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23
Q

Functions of thalamus

A

Pre-processes all info reaching the cerebral cortex.

Extends into cerebral hemisphere; gateway to cortex.

Essential for consciousness, attention, and alertness.

24
Q

What’s up with the limbic system?

A

Found at border between cerebrum and thalamus, the limbic system is a circuit that relates to behavior, arousal, emotions, and memory. It’s also related to the autonomic NS, which is why your emotions can affect visceral functions (HR, BP, GI motility)

25
Q

Functions of hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis.

Remember the 4 F’s (fighting, fleeing, feeding, and sex).

Neurological and endocrine connection.

Secretes releasing and inhibitory hormones that control anterior pituitary secretion.

26
Q

Sections of brainstem (3)

A
  1. Medulla - HR, BP, breathing, circadian, swallowing (autonomous). End of stem.
  2. Pons - maintain consciousness and alertness. Influence posture, locomotion and visceral funct. Pathway to relay sensory info between cerebellum and cortex. Middle of stem.
  3. Midbrain - location of brainstem UMN pathways. Extrapyramidal tracts. Subconscious posture and voluntary learned movements. Top of stem.
27
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Nerve cell bodies and their processes. (cerebral cortex). Where all the synapses are.

28
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons that connect different parts of gray matter to each other.

29
Q

Functional areas of the cerebral cortex (3)

A
  1. Motor
  2. Sensory
  3. Association
30
Q

Function of sensory cortex

A

Receive sensory signals from brainstem and spinal cord.

Somatosensory, visual, auditory, vestibular, olfactory.

31
Q

Function of motor cortex

A

Voluntary movement.

Corticospinal/pyramidal tract: primary motor area - muscle activation

Premotor frontal cortex - plan and organize movement

Supplementary motor - preparatory orientation of the body to execute task

32
Q

Function of association cortex

A

learning and intelligent behavior. Integrate sensory, memory, and behavior centers.

33
Q

What’s up with basal nuclei?

A

Gray matter nuclei within white matter of cerebral cortex. Help select appropriate movement pattern while suppressing less appropriate ones (inhibitory output). Inhibition by dopamine-containing neurons (degenertion = Parkinson’s).

34
Q

Microglial cell functions

A

Brain immune cells.

Act as macrophages, clear debris by phagocytosis.

Release NO to prevent viral infection.

Role in developing brain - destroy unnecessary synapses.

35
Q

Fibers in dorsal root of spinal cord

A

sensory

36
Q

Fibers in intermediate horn of spinal cord

A

autonomic (not in lumbar)

37
Q

Fibers in ventral root of spinal cord

A

motor

38
Q

Where do the cord reflexes originate?

A

Cord gray matter, through dorsal horn. Signals travel to 2 locations; the gray matter for local reflexes, and then higher levels of the cord, brainstem, or cerebral cortex.

39
Q

What are the main components of a spinal nerve? (3)

A
  1. Roots (dorsal and ventral)
  2. Main trunk
  3. Peripheral branches
40
Q

What are the 4 types of fibers in spinal nerves?

A
  1. Somatic sensory - enter cord through dorsal roots from skin, muscle
  2. Visceral sensory - enter cord through dorsal roots from thoracic and abdominal organs, olfactory epithelium, taste buds.
  3. Somatic motor - leave cord through ventral root. Go to skeletal muscle.
  4. Visceral motor - leave cord through ventral horn. Go to smooth/cardiac muscle, glands.
41
Q

What are the 3 meninges?

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia Mater
42
Q

Characteristics of the Dura Mater

A

“hard mother”, outermost layer, often fused with inner surface of skull. Thicker, protects CNS.

43
Q

Characteristics of Arachnoid

A

“web form”, spiderweb appearance, thin, loose CT.

Subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater traps CSF (circulates and is absorbed here).

44
Q

Pia Mater

A

“soft mother”, innermost layer, adheres to surface of CNS

45
Q

Where can CSF be found?

A

Ventricular system and subarachnoid space. Also in the central canal running through core of spinal cord.

46
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

Most is formed at the Choroid Plexus in the lateral third and fourth ventricles.

47
Q

Where is CSF absorbed?

A

Subarachnoid space, into venous sinuses through arachnoid villi.

Absorption is unidirectional - can flow from SAS to venous outflow, but not the other way.

48
Q

What are the functions of the CSF?

A

Protect brain and spinal cord

Waste control system

Distribution of some peptide hormones and growth factors

Maintain consistent extracellular microenvironment for neurons and glia (micronutrients).

49
Q

What is the cause of the low permeability of the BBB?

A

Endothelial cells forming capillary walls are tightly fused (tight junctions) rather than having pores between them.

Foot processes of astrocytes around entire outer surface of capillary.

50
Q

How are important nutrients transported across the BBB?

A

facilitated transport with carrier molecules

receptor mediated transcytosis

adsorptive transcytosis

51
Q

BBB is highly permeable to

A

H2O, CO2, O2, most lipid soluble substances

52
Q

BBB is slightly permeable to

A

electrolytes (Na, Cl, K)

53
Q

BBB is impermeable to

A

Plasma proteins, non-lipid-soluble large organic molecules

54
Q

Glucose transport across BBB

A

GLUT-1 facilitated diffusion

55
Q

Large neutral amino acid transport across BBB

A

facilitated diffusion (Leu, Tyr, Val, phenylalanine)

56
Q

How do small, neutral amino acids get through BBB?

A

They are synthesized in the CNS (Gly, Ala. Ser, Cys)

RUSVM Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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