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Developmental Concepts > sensory system > Flashcards

sensory system Flashcards

1
Q

Receptors

A

receive stimulus
-defines type, location, and intensity of stimulus

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2
Q

Sensory Pathways

A
  • nerve axons and afferent pathways
    -transmit electrical signals to area of brain that corresponds with receptor location
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3
Q

CNS

A

interpret and integrate sensory inputs signals
- communicated with motor system to produce goal directed movement

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4
Q

Efferent pathways

A

produce response

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5
Q

What are the two types of receptors

A
  1. nerve cells
  2. specialized epithelial cell
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6
Q

Activation of receptors

A

-stimulus-specific
-transform an external stimulus to an electrical signal

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7
Q

Sensory pathways

A
  • sensory pathways describe the type and location of the sensory stimulus
    Type: dependent on what type of receptor is activated
    Location: each receptor as a specific location on the sensory map in the brain
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8
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

-a collection of cell bodies of the afferent sensory fibers

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9
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion associated?

A

the posterior or dorsal root of the spinal nerve

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10
Q

What does the dorsal roots contain?

A

sensory fibers from the skin, subcutaneous and deep tissues, viscera

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11
Q

Are the dorsal roots myelinated?

A

primary afferent fibers of the dorsal roots are either myelinated or unmyelinated: cutaneous, joint and visceral afferents are composed of myelinated

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12
Q

Perception

A

the integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful info

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13
Q

Sensory maps

A

the location of sensory receptors in the brain
Sensory homunculus: shows the somatic sensory projections from the body surface

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14
Q

Sensory homunculus

A

shows the somatic sensory projections from the body surface

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15
Q

Sensory integration

A

the ability to use sensory info efficientyl
-combining several sensory inputs to produce a desired movement
For example: drawing, writing

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16
Q

What systems are involved in stable standing balance?

A
  • somatosensory system (proprioception)
  • vision
  • vestibular system
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17
Q

Somatosensory system receptors

A
  1. mechanoreceptors
  2. thermoreceptors
  3. nociceptors
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18
Q

thermoreceptors

A

heat cold

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18
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

touch, pressure, vibrator proprioception

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19
Q

nociceptors

A

pain (unmyelinated receptors)

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20
Q

somatosensory system

A

Provides sensory information about the body
- Cutaneous sensation of touch (exteroception)
-Proprioceptive sensation from ligaments, muscles, joints, and
tendons

21
Q

exteroception

A

Cutaneous sensation of touch

22
Q

interoception

A

perception of sensation from inside the body

23
Q

Proprioception

A

perception of one’s body in space

24
Q

Function of somatosensory system

A

Transmits information about the senses of touch, pain, temperature,
and body position from sensory receptors to the CNS to regulate
behavior

25
Q

Order of sensory system development in PRENATAL

A

Touch
Vestibular
Smell
Hearing
Vision
Taste
Proprioception

The Very Smelly Hippo Very Taste Purple

26
Q

What is the first system to function in utero?

A

Touch; allows for communication and attachment

27
Q

When are proprioceptive receptors well developed?

A

mid fetal life

28
Q

What are proprioceptive receptors?

A

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

29
Q

What occurs at 7 weeks prenatal?

A

fetus responds to touch around motuh

30
Q

What occurs at 12 weeks prenatal?

A

muscle spindles formed

31
Q

What occurs at 16 weeks prenatal?

A

golgi tendon organs formed

32
Q

What occurs at 17 weeks prenatal?

A

cutaneous sensation spreads to entire body

33
Q

Are all sensory systems ready to function at birth?

A

yes but not matured
-PNS is completely myelinated

34
Q

What complete structural maturation of sensory pathways occur t/o childhood?

A

 Increased nerve conduction velocity
 Redistribution of axon branching
 Increased synaptic efficiency

35
Q

Maturation: Infancy and Childhood

A
  • touch used by infant to locate food (rooting reflex)
    -crucial role in parent infant attachment, sociability, cognitive development
    -Further structural and functional changes occur as the infant
    and child interact with the world
36
Q

What occurs at 12-16 months maturation of infancy and childhood?

A

specific touch
localization

37
Q

What occurs at 5 years maturation of infancy and childhood?

A

identify objects by touch

38
Q

What occurs at 7 years maturation of infancy and childhood?

A

two point discrimination

39
Q

Maturation childhood and infancy proprioception

A

 Used very early after birth
 Execution of purposeful movements such as imitation,
reaching, and locomotion
 Ability to achieve and maintain upright postures
 Muscle spindles mature as early as 3 years old
 Proprioceptive acuity for movements improves between age
5-12
 Allows for beginning mastery of skills such as hopping,
dancing, and gymnastics
 Integration of sensation and movement occurs during
childhood and continues to develop through adolescence

40
Q

when does integration of sensation and movement occur?

A

childhood and continues to develop through adolescence

41
Q

When does proprioceptive acuity for movements improve?

A

between age 5-12

42
Q

Somatosensory system Maturation: Adolescence

A

 Tactile and proprioceptive senses are
further refined
 Maturation and integration of
somatosensory system processing guide
motor abilities and skill refinement

43
Q

When is sensory system the keenest?

A

late adolescence into early adulthood

44
Q

What occurs to sensory function in adulthood?

A

begins to decline
-Peripheral and central changes are small and gradual
-Do not always correlate with a decline in function

45
Q

When do sensory receptor functions decline?

A

middle age

46
Q

When does reaction time peak? When does it slow down/ by how much?

A

mid 20’s then slows by 20% during middle adulthood

47
Q

Why does skin become dry and less elastic in adulthood?

A

compromised precision of cutaneous receptors

48
Q

Gradual decline in sensory functioning in Aging?

A

-Decrease in the number of sensory neurons
- Decline in functioning of remaining sensory neurons
-Structural and physiological changes within the CNS

49
Q

impact on tactile system in aging?

A

Skin receptors decrease in number and undergo structural changes
 Decrease in number of receptors → decline in fine touch, pressure, and vibration sense
 A loss up to 30% of sensory fibers innervating peripheral receptors leads to peripheral neuropathy

50
Q

What is impact on proprioceptive system in aging?

A

Atrophy of muscle spindles, joint receptors, and GTO’s – decreasing feedback that CNS normally
receives during movement
- Arthritic changes affect the ability of joint receptors to detect joint motion

51
Q

 Redundancy of sensory information is decreased by agerelated changes → older adults are forced to compensate
more

functional consequences?

A

 Postural instability
 Exaggerated body sway
 Balance problems
 Gait disturbances
 Diminished fine motor coordination
 Tendency to drop things held in hands
 Difficulty recognizing body or limb positions in space

Developmental Concepts (4 decks)

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