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Developmental Concepts > lifespan dev of postural control 1 > Flashcards

lifespan dev of postural control 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What reflexes are present at newborn to two months?

A

Primary standing/positive support: in supported standing, first accepts weight on legs for 20-30secs then collapses (inability to sustain a weight loading condition)
Automatic walking: steps reciprocally when inclined forward

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2
Q

What is Asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR)?

A

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR) “fencing reflex”: in supine, head rotation elicits chin side arm/leg extension and skull side arm/flexion
-DCD (developmental coordination disorder) if reflex does not integrate

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3
Q

What is Tonic laybrinthine reflex (TLR)?

A

neck extends: increased extensor tone and extension of all limbs.
Neck flexes: increased flexor tone and flexion of all limbs

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4
Q

What is anterior protective extension?

A

anterior perturbation- arms extend forward to prevent falling
emerges 6-9 months

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5
Q

What is lateral protective extension?

A

lateral perturbation: arms extend to prevent from falling sideways
emerges 6-9months

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6
Q

What is upper extremity parachute?

A
  • in prone horizontal suspension, child moved towards surface head first- symmetrical arm extension and abduction
    -emerges 6-7 months
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7
Q

What is posterior extension?

A

posterior perturbation: extends head and arms backwards to recover balance
-emerges 9 months

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8
Q

When does independent sitting occur?

A

6 months

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9
Q

What is full gestation age?

A

40 weeks or 10 months

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10
Q

What developmental changes occurs at prenatal (25-27wks)?

A

somersaults, axial rotations, kicking, stretching, and punching

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11
Q

What occurs at newborn (birth)?

A

newborn anatomical characteristics inc: a proportionately large head, relatively shorter legs than trunk and arms, a C-curve throughout the spine
-flexion is the predominate posture in all limbs

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12
Q

What developmental changes occur in the first 3 months?

A
  • flexed posture dominates (head tipped forward in supported sitting)
    -limb symmetry at first, progressing to asymmetry (begins at 2 months)
    -increase extension of spine (beings lift head in prone by 2 months)
    -midline orientation (by 3 months)
    ex: holding toy at midline
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13
Q

What direction does developmental move?

A

cephalic to caudal
proximal to distal

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14
Q

What developmental changes occur at 4-6months?

A

-on elbows to on hands posture
-spinal extension includes lumbar region (lower spine)
-head held upright
-begins hands knees position from prone (ant-post weight shift)
-becomes more ind. in sitting, once positioned (by 6 mths)
-begins to take weight on legs again in supported stance

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15
Q

When does head lag stop?

A

4 months

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16
Q

What developmental changes occur at 7-9months?

A
  • continues rolling and achieves quadruped position
    -belly crawling to creeping
    -independent, though wobbly achievement of sitting posture
    -sitting become preferred position for 8 months
    -improve body weight shifting skills
    -transitions between postures are readily practiced
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17
Q

What age is supine disliked?

A

months 7-9

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18
Q

What developmental changes occur at 10-12 months?

A

-vertical posture now preferred by child
- with a newly erect posture, toddler stance often inc: lumbar lordosis and protruding abdomen
-pulls to standing at first then begins to stand up w/o pulling
-walking: early steps with wide base support arms in high guard
-shoulder rotated outward and elbows flexed
-gradually lowering arm positions and achieve swing patterns 5-6 mths after walking onset

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19
Q

What is considered early walker?

20
Q

What is cruising?

A

holding furniture then walking

21
Q

What is considered late walker?

A

14-15months

22
Q

What is considered walking age?

23
Q

What are developmental changes in early childhood (2-6 yrs)?

A
  • exaggerated lordosis and protruding abdomen begin to disappear
    -body fat % steadily decrease from 22% at age 1 to 12.5-15% at age 5
    -increase muscle tone and decrease body fay = appear more lean and muscular
24
Q

What occurs at 12-14 months?

A

walking well

25
what occurs at 15-18 months?
kicking ball
26
what occurs at 20-24 months?
jump in place - going down slide
27
what occurs at 36 months?
- stand on one foot -stable adult like muscle activation pattern during walking -decrease abducted toe out stance (due to tibial torsion)
28
What occurs in middle childhood (7-12 years)?
-improved transitional movements and improved symmetry -by age 10: adult skills are being refined and mastered -standing postural patterns emerge: ectomorphs and mesomorphs
29
What are ectomorphs?
- passive stance, slouched posture - small bone structure - thin hard to gain muscle -lean muscle mass and flat chestWhat
30
What are mesomorphs?
-active more military posture -strong athletic hard body with defined muscles -gain muscle early and gain fat more easily than ectomorphs
31
Why is static balance more difficult for children?
- higher center of mass (T12) -faster sway rate (reaches adult levels from 9-16 yrs)
32
Postural response to perturbation at 2-3 years?
well organized but amplitudes larger and latencies longer than adult
33
Postural response to perturbation at 4-6 years?
responses become slower and more variable
34
Postural response to perturbation at 7-10 years?
esp like those of an adult
35
What is a postural response?
bodys reaction to sudden changes that disrupt balance or perturbations
36
Sensory adaptations at 4-6 years?
larger sway, very little reliance on vestibular system and more on somatosensory system
37
Anticipatory Control at 12-15 months of age?
-able to activate postural muscle prior to arm movements -adult like postural control not fully developed until 7 years of age
38
when does vestibular system fully develop?
12 years
39
In adolescence Ideal posture develops?
- less abdominal protrusion -less knee hyperextension -head shoulders well aligned
40
In adolescence transitional movements
- most symmetrical during this age period -peak of control at age 15
41
What does standing posture and transitional movements look like in adulthood?
- maintenance of ideal posture - symmetry reduced only 1/4 of young adults rise with symmetry - body size may be determining factor: tall, slender women are more symmetrical than short, heavy activity level has been linked to symmetry of performance
42
Postural changes in older adulthood?
"sloped" or flexed posture -widened base of support -slightly flexed knees and hips -truck forward lean or protuberant abdomen -reduced lumbar lordosis -increase thoracic kyphosis (decrease strength of spinal extensor muscles, impaired balance, slower walking and stair climbing, shorter functional reach) -forward head -loss of spinal flexibility and decreased ROM -spinal extension shows the greatest decline- 50% less extensor flexibility in 70-84 y/o as compared to 20-29 y/o
43
Transitional movement in older adulthood?
Revert to more asymmetric postures: -supine, side lying, hands knees, half kneeling -increased time when moving between positions (like young children) Contributing factors to impaired transitional movements: -decreased balance, strength, flexibility, confidence -decreased activity
44
What are musculoskeletal changes in older adulthood?
Decreased strength, endurance, and muscle mass (LE muscular strength reduced y 40% between ages 30-80) Decreased number of type I and type II muscle fibers Decreased number of motor units Muscle fatigue more rapidly Decreased spine and ankle joint ROM as well as postural shifts back onto heels
45
Balance and postural changes in older adult
-increased sway in quiet stance -reduced functional stability limits -increased use of hip movements as opposed to ankle movements to regain balance -altered anticipatory posture abilities due to delayed muscle onset times (not enough time for stabilizing postural response but prime mover is activated more slowly as well) -altered responses strategy due to muscle weakness, reduced ankle joint sensation, and joint stiffness
46
Cognitive changes in older adulthood?
-decreased attentional capacity during multitasking -among frail older adults, an inability to walk while talking ( a dual task inv. gait and secondary cognitive task) is a predictor of future falls
47

Developmental Concepts (4 decks)

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