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Developmental Concepts > lifespan dev of postural control 1 > Flashcards

lifespan dev of postural control 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What reflexes are present at newborn to two months?

A

Primary standing/positive support: in supported standing, first accepts weight on legs for 20-30secs then collapses (inability to sustain a weight loading condition)
Automatic walking: steps reciprocally when inclined forward

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2
Q

What is Asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR)?

A

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR) “fencing reflex”: in supine, head rotation elicits chin side arm/leg extension and skull side arm/flexion
-DCD (developmental coordination disorder) if reflex does not integrate

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3
Q

What is Tonic laybrinthine reflex (TLR)?

A

neck extends: increased extensor tone and extension of all limbs.
Neck flexes: increased flexor tone and flexion of all limbs

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4
Q

What is anterior protective extension?

A

anterior perturbation- arms extend forward to prevent falling
emerges 6-9 months

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5
Q

What is lateral protective extension?

A

lateral perturbation: arms extend to prevent from falling sideways
emerges 6-9months

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6
Q

What is upper extremity parachute?

A
  • in prone horizontal suspension, child moved towards surface head first- symmetrical arm extension and abduction
    -emerges 6-7 months
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7
Q

What is posterior extension?

A

posterior perturbation: extends head and arms backwards to recover balance
-emerges 9 months

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8
Q

When does independent sitting occur?

A

6 months

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9
Q

What is full gestation age?

A

40 weeks or 10 months

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10
Q

What developmental changes occurs at prenatal (25-27wks)?

A

somersaults, axial rotations, kicking, stretching, and punching

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11
Q

What occurs at newborn (birth)?

A

newborn anatomical characteristics inc: a proportionately large head, relatively shorter legs than trunk and arms, a C-curve throughout the spine
-flexion is the predominate posture in all limbs

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12
Q

What developmental changes occur in the first 3 months?

A
  • flexed posture dominates (head tipped forward in supported sitting)
    -limb symmetry at first, progressing to asymmetry (begins at 2 months)
    -increase extension of spine (beings lift head in prone by 2 months)
    -midline orientation (by 3 months)
    ex: holding toy at midline
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13
Q

What direction does developmental move?

A

cephalic to caudal
proximal to distal

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14
Q

What developmental changes occur at 4-6months?

A

-on elbows to on hands posture
-spinal extension includes lumbar region (lower spine)
-head held upright
-begins hands knees position from prone (ant-post weight shift)
-becomes more ind. in sitting, once positioned (by 6 mths)
-begins to take weight on legs again in supported stance

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15
Q

When does head lag stop?

A

4 months

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16
Q

What developmental changes occur at 7-9months?

A
  • continues rolling and achieves quadruped position
    -belly crawling to creeping
    -independent, though wobbly achievement of sitting posture
    -sitting become preferred position for 8 months
    -improve body weight shifting skills
    -transitions between postures are readily practiced
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17
Q

What age is supine disliked?

A

months 7-9

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18
Q

What developmental changes occur at 10-12 months?

A

-vertical posture now preferred by child
- with a newly erect posture, toddler stance often inc: lumbar lordosis and protruding abdomen
-pulls to standing at first then begins to stand up w/o pulling
-walking: early steps with wide base support arms in high guard
-shoulder rotated outward and elbows flexed
-gradually lowering arm positions and achieve swing patterns 5-6 mths after walking onset

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19
Q

What is considered early walker?

A

9 months

20
Q

What is cruising?

A

holding furniture then walking

21
Q

What is considered late walker?

A

14-15months

22
Q

What is considered walking age?

A

12 months

23
Q

What are developmental changes in early childhood (2-6 yrs)?

A
  • exaggerated lordosis and protruding abdomen begin to disappear
    -body fat % steadily decrease from 22% at age 1 to 12.5-15% at age 5
    -increase muscle tone and decrease body fay = appear more lean and muscular
24
Q

What occurs at 12-14 months?

A

walking well

25
Q

what occurs at 15-18 months?

A

kicking ball

26
Q

what occurs at 20-24 months?

A

jump in place
- going down slide

27
Q

what occurs at 36 months?

A
  • stand on one foot
    -stable adult like muscle activation pattern during walking
    -decrease abducted toe out stance (due to tibial torsion)
28
Q

What occurs in middle childhood (7-12 years)?

A

-improved transitional movements and improved symmetry
-by age 10: adult skills are being refined and mastered
-standing postural patterns emerge: ectomorphs and mesomorphs

29
Q

What are ectomorphs?

A
  • passive stance, slouched posture
  • small bone structure
  • thin hard to gain muscle
    -lean muscle mass and flat chestWhat
30
Q

What are mesomorphs?

A

-active more military posture
-strong athletic hard body with defined muscles
-gain muscle early and gain fat more easily than ectomorphs

31
Q

Why is static balance more difficult for children?

A
  • higher center of mass (T12)
    -faster sway rate (reaches adult levels from 9-16 yrs)
32
Q

Postural response to perturbation at 2-3 years?

A

well organized but amplitudes larger and latencies longer than adult

33
Q

Postural response to perturbation at 4-6 years?

A

responses become slower and more variable

34
Q

Postural response to perturbation at 7-10 years?

A

esp like those of an adult

35
Q

What is a postural response?

A

bodys reaction to sudden changes that disrupt balance or perturbations

36
Q

Sensory adaptations at 4-6 years?

A

larger sway, very little reliance on vestibular system and more on somatosensory system

37
Q

Anticipatory Control at 12-15 months of age?

A

-able to activate postural muscle prior to arm movements
-adult like postural control not fully developed until 7 years of age

38
Q

when does vestibular system fully develop?

A

12 years

39
Q

In adolescence Ideal posture develops?

A
  • less abdominal protrusion
    -less knee hyperextension
    -head shoulders well aligned
40
Q

In adolescence transitional movements

A
  • most symmetrical during this age period
    -peak of control at age 15
41
Q

What does standing posture and transitional movements look like in adulthood?

A
  • maintenance of ideal posture
  • symmetry reduced only 1/4 of young adults rise with symmetry
  • body size may be determining factor: tall, slender women are more symmetrical than short, heavy
    activity level has been linked to symmetry of performance
42
Q

Postural changes in older adulthood?

A

“sloped” or flexed posture
-widened base of support
-slightly flexed knees and hips
-truck forward lean or protuberant abdomen
-reduced lumbar lordosis
-increase thoracic kyphosis
(decrease strength of spinal extensor muscles, impaired balance, slower walking and stair climbing, shorter functional reach)
-forward head
-loss of spinal flexibility and decreased ROM
-spinal extension shows the greatest decline- 50% less extensor flexibility in 70-84 y/o as compared to 20-29 y/o

43
Q

Transitional movement in older adulthood?

A

Revert to more asymmetric postures:
-supine, side lying, hands knees, half kneeling
-increased time when moving between positions (like young children)

Contributing factors to impaired transitional movements:
-decreased balance, strength, flexibility, confidence
-decreased activity

44
Q

What are musculoskeletal changes in older adulthood?

A

Decreased strength, endurance, and muscle mass
(LE muscular strength reduced y 40% between ages 30-80)

Decreased number of type I and type II muscle fibers

Decreased number of motor units

Muscle fatigue more rapidly

Decreased spine and ankle joint ROM as well as postural shifts back onto heels

45
Q

Balance and postural changes in older adult

A

-increased sway in quiet stance
-reduced functional stability limits
-increased use of hip movements as opposed to ankle movements to regain balance
-altered anticipatory posture abilities due to delayed muscle onset times
(not enough time for stabilizing postural response but prime mover is activated more slowly as well)
-altered responses strategy due to muscle weakness, reduced ankle joint sensation, and joint stiffness

46
Q

Cognitive changes in older adulthood?

A

-decreased attentional capacity during multitasking
-among frail older adults, an inability to walk while talking ( a dual task inv. gait and secondary cognitive task) is a predictor of future falls

47
Q
A

Developmental Concepts (4 decks)

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