Exam 1

Question 1

infancy

Answer 1

birth to 1 year

Question 2

Neonatal

Answer 2

birth to two wks of age

Question 3

Infant

Answer 3

3 weeks to 12 months of age

Question 4

Toddlerhood

Answer 4

13 months to 2 years (2 years and 11 months)

Question 5

what is considered infancy?

Answer 5

• neonatal
  -infant

Question 6

what is considered early childhood?

Answer 6

• preschool
• elementary

Question 7

preschool

Answer 7

3 yrs to 5

Question 8

elementary school

Answer 8

5 yrs to 10 yrs (10 yrs 11 months)

Question 9

adolescence

Answer 9

11 yrs to 18 yrs

Question 10

What are the 3 stages of development?

Answer 10

• adulthood (22/25 to 40 yrs)
  -middle age (40 to 65 yrs)
• late adulthood (older adult): 65+

Question 11

What is advanced maternal age (AMA)?

Answer 11

pregnancy where mother is older than 35

Question 12

Who is Erik Erikson?

Answer 12

• german psychologist theorized specific psychological struggles that contribute to personality t/o development
• eight stages of development theory
• insight to social and psychological dev.
• framework of his thinking assess the context of relationships in life at these life stages

Question 13

young adult

Answer 13

18 to 22/25 years

Question 14

conflict and resolution at infancy (0-1 yrs)?

Answer 14

basic trust vs mistrust ; hope

Question 14

conflict and resolution at early childhood (1-3 yrs)

Answer 14

autonomy vs shame; will

Question 15

conflict and resolution at play age (3-6 yrs)

Answer 15

initiative vs guilt; purpose

Question 16

conflict and resolution at school age (6-12 yrs)

Answer 16

industry vs inferiority; competence

Question 17

conflict and resolution at adolescence (12-19 years)

Answer 17

identity vs confusion; fidelity

Question 18

conflict and resolution at adulthood (26-64 years)

Answer 18

generatively vs stagnation; care

Question 19

conflict and resolution at early adulthood (20-25 years)

Answer 19

intimacy vs isolation; love

Question 20

conflict and resolution at old age (65-death)

Answer 20

integrity vs despair; wisdom

Question 21

postural control

Answer 21

involves controlling body’s position in space for the dual purposes of stability and orientation

Question 22

postural orientation

Answer 22

ability to maintain an appropriate relationship between body segments and between body and the environment for a task

Question 23

postural stability (ex: balance)

Answer 23

ability to control center of mass in relationship to base of support

Question 24

center of mass (COM)

Answer 24

- point that is at center of total body mass -anterior to S-2 in upright position determined by finding weighted avg of COM of each body segment -key variable that is controlled by postural system

Question 25

center of gravity

Answer 25

- vertical projection of COM -dependent on weight and distribution of weight within the body

Question 26

center of pressure (COP)

Answer 26

center of the distribution of the total force applied to supporting surface -moves continuously around COM to keep the COM within the support base (where body bears most weight)

Question 27

Base of support (BOS)

Answer 27

the area of the body that is in contact with support surface Ex: standing upright BOS is under feet/hips

Question 28

What is the body alignment in quiet stance?

Answer 28

* small amt of spontaneous postural sway as the body moves continously within is BOS

Question 29

What is ideal body alignment?

Answer 29

* minimize the effect of gravitational forces and maintains equilibirum with the least expenditures of internal energy * vertical line of gravity falls in the midline between: * mastoid process * anterior to shoulder joints * hip joints (or just posterior) * anterior to knee joints * anterior to ankle joints

Question 30

Muscle tone

Answer 30

* the force to which muscle resists being lengthened (stiffness) * a certain level of muscle tone is present in a normal, conscious, relaxed person

Question 31

Postural tone

Answer 31

* when we stand upright, activity increases in antigravity postural muscles to counteract the force of gravity * sensory inputs from multiple systems are critical to postural tone

Question 32

limits of stability

Answer 32

* ability to maintain the projected COM within the limits of the BOS; the boundaries within which the body can maintain stability w/o changing the BOS

Question 33

Stability Limits

Answer 33

* are not fixed boundaries but change according to the task, characteristics in the individuals, inc strength, ROM characteristics of the COM, and various aspects of the environment BOS * both the position and velocity of COM needed to be considered at any given moment

Question 34

What are three types of postural control?

Answer 34

* steady state control * reactive control * proactive or anticipatory control

Question 35

Steady state control

Answer 35

the ability to control the COM reactive to the BOS in fairly predictable and nonchanging conditions (sitting,standing quietly)

Question 36

Reactive Control

Answer 36

occurs in response to outside forces; such as perturbations, displacing the COG or moving the BOS (being bumped in a crowd)

Question 37

Proactive or anticipatory control

Answer 37

* occurs in anticipation of internally generated, destabilizing forces such as the intent to move (stepping onto a curb) * provides a supportive framework for skilled movements * an individuals prior experiences allow various elements of the postural control system to be readied for the intended movement * most functional tasks required all 3 aspects of balance control at some point or another

Question 38

When can falls occur?

Answer 38

* an inability to produce corrective muscle forces during balance recovery or when anticipatory muscle activity is delayed or absent

Question 39

Reactive balance relies on feedback mechanisms

Answer 39

postural control that occurs in response to sensory feedback from an external perturbation

Question 40

Proactive/Anticipatory balance relies on feedforward balance

Answer 40

anticipatory postural adjustments that are made in anticipation of a voluntary movement that is potentially decreasing in order to maintain stability during the movement.

Question 41

What is feedback?

Answer 41

for unexpected postural disturbances

Question 42

what is feedforward?

Answer 42

for expected postural disturbances

Question 44

ankle strategy

Answer 44

smaller, slower perturbation ex: wobbly

Question 45

hip strategy

Answer 45

larger, faster perturbation

Question 46

stepping strategy

Answer 46

largest, fastest perturbation more frequent with aging

Question 47

Reach strategy

Answer 47

elicited by a similar perturbation as stepping strategy