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Developmental Concepts > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

infancy

A

birth to 1 year

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2
Q

Neonatal

A

birth to two wks of age

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3
Q

Infant

A

3 weeks to 12 months of age

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4
Q

Toddlerhood

A

13 months to 2 years (2 years and 11 months)

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5
Q

what is considered infancy?

A
  • neonatal
    -infant
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6
Q

what is considered early childhood?

A
  • preschool
  • elementary
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7
Q

preschool

A

3 yrs to 5

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8
Q

elementary school

A

5 yrs to 10 yrs (10 yrs 11 months)

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9
Q

adolescence

A

11 yrs to 18 yrs

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10
Q

What are the 3 stages of development?

A
  • adulthood (22/25 to 40 yrs)
    -middle age (40 to 65 yrs)
  • late adulthood (older adult): 65+
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11
Q

What is advanced maternal age (AMA)?

A

pregnancy where mother is older than 35

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12
Q

Who is Erik Erikson?

A
  • german psychologist theorized specific psychological struggles that contribute to personality t/o development
  • eight stages of development theory
  • insight to social and psychological dev.
  • framework of his thinking assess the context of relationships in life at these life stages
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13
Q

young adult

A

18 to 22/25 years

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14
Q

conflict and resolution at infancy (0-1 yrs)?

A

basic trust vs mistrust ; hope

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14
Q

conflict and resolution at early childhood (1-3 yrs)

A

autonomy vs shame; will

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15
Q

conflict and resolution at play age (3-6 yrs)

A

initiative vs guilt; purpose

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16
Q

conflict and resolution at school age (6-12 yrs)

A

industry vs inferiority; competence

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17
Q

conflict and resolution at adolescence (12-19 years)

A

identity vs confusion; fidelity

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18
Q

conflict and resolution at adulthood (26-64 years)

A

generatively vs stagnation; care

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19
Q

conflict and resolution at early adulthood (20-25 years)

A

intimacy vs isolation; love

20
Q

conflict and resolution at old age (65-death)

A

integrity vs despair; wisdom

21
Q

postural control

A

involves controlling body’s position in space for the dual purposes of stability and orientation

22
Q

postural orientation

A

ability to maintain an appropriate relationship between body segments and between body and the environment for a task

23
Q

postural stability (ex: balance)

A

ability to control center of mass in relationship to base of support

24
Q

center of mass (COM)

A
  • point that is at center of total body mass
    -anterior to S-2 in upright position
    determined by finding weighted avg of COM of each body segment
    -key variable that is controlled by postural system
25
Q

center of gravity

A
  • vertical projection of COM
    -dependent on weight and distribution of weight within the body
26
Q

center of pressure (COP)

A

center of the distribution of the total force applied to supporting surface
-moves continuously around COM to keep the COM within the support base
(where body bears most weight)

27
Q

Base of support (BOS)

A

the area of the body that is in contact with support surface
Ex: standing upright BOS is under feet/hips

28
Q

What is the body alignment in quiet stance?

A
  • small amt of spontaneous postural sway as the body moves continously within is BOS
29
Q

What is ideal body alignment?

A
  • minimize the effect of gravitational forces and maintains equilibirum with the least expenditures of internal energy
  • vertical line of gravity falls in the midline between:
  • mastoid process
  • anterior to shoulder joints
  • hip joints (or just posterior)
  • anterior to knee joints
  • anterior to ankle joints
30
Q

Muscle tone

A
  • the force to which muscle resists being lengthened (stiffness)
  • a certain level of muscle tone is present in a normal, conscious, relaxed person
31
Q

Postural tone

A
  • when we stand upright, activity increases in antigravity postural muscles to counteract the force of gravity
  • sensory inputs from multiple systems are critical to postural tone
32
Q

limits of stability

A
  • ability to maintain the projected COM within the limits of the BOS; the boundaries within which the body can maintain stability w/o changing the BOS
33
Q

Stability Limits

A
  • are not fixed boundaries but change according to the task, characteristics in the individuals, inc strength, ROM characteristics of the COM, and various aspects of the environment BOS
  • both the position and velocity of COM needed to be considered at any given moment
34
Q

What are three types of postural control?

A
  • steady state control
  • reactive control
  • proactive or anticipatory control
35
Q

Steady state control

A

the ability to control the COM reactive to the BOS in fairly predictable and nonchanging conditions (sitting,standing quietly)

36
Q

Reactive Control

A

occurs in response to outside forces; such as perturbations, displacing the COG or moving the BOS (being bumped in a crowd)

37
Q

Proactive or anticipatory control

A
  • occurs in anticipation of internally generated, destabilizing forces such as the intent to move (stepping onto a curb)
  • provides a supportive framework for skilled movements
  • an individuals prior experiences allow various elements of the postural control system to be readied for the intended movement
  • most functional tasks required all 3 aspects of balance control at some point or another
38
Q

When can falls occur?

A
  • an inability to produce corrective muscle forces during balance recovery or when anticipatory muscle activity is delayed or absent
39
Q

Reactive balance relies on feedback mechanisms

A

postural control that occurs in response to sensory feedback from an external perturbation

40
Q

Proactive/Anticipatory balance relies on feedforward balance

A

anticipatory postural adjustments that are made in anticipation of a voluntary movement that is potentially decreasing in order to maintain stability during the movement.

41
Q

What is feedback?

A

for unexpected postural disturbances

42
Q

what is feedforward?

A

for expected postural disturbances

43
Q
A
44
Q

ankle strategy

A

smaller, slower perturbation
ex: wobbly

45
Q

hip strategy

A

larger, faster perturbation

46
Q

stepping strategy

A

largest, fastest perturbation
more frequent with aging

47
Q

Reach strategy

A

elicited by a similar perturbation as stepping strategy

Developmental Concepts (4 decks)

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