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ZA - Science for Medicine > Sensory Receptors > Flashcards

Sensory Receptors Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 types of sensory receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors
Proprioceptors
Nociceptors

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2
Q

What do mechanoreceptors respond to?

A

Mechanical stimuli such as pressure or stretch…can detect many stimuli

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3
Q

Transduction in ALL sensory receptors involves …

A

Opening or closing of ion channels

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4
Q

An adequate stimulus causes?

A

A graded membrane potential change called a receptor potential or a generator potential

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5
Q

The adequete stimulus in mechanoreceptiors -Membrane deformation activates?

A

Stretch-sensitive ion channels causing ion flow across the membrane.

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6
Q

The receptor potential is graded accounting to stimulus frequency. T or F

A

False - its graded according to stimulus intensity

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7
Q

What is the frequency coding of stimulus intensity?

A

The larger the stimulus, the larger the receptor potential and
the HIGHER THE FREQUENCY of APs in a sensory nerve

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8
Q

What happens in some mechanoreceptors if stimulus persists?

A

Aps persist

Not ALL the time - e.g we don’t feel our clothes on our backs until we move them or take them off…

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9
Q

What is adaptation in mechanoreceptors?

A

When they ADAPT to a maintained stimulus and only signal change

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10
Q

Why do nociceptors not show adaptaion?

A

Important they don’t as we shouldn’t ignore pain

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11
Q

What is the cutaneous Pacinian corpuscle?

A

The best understood mechanoreceptor

Its a myelinated nerve with a naked nerve ending which is enclosed in a connective tissue capsule of layered lamellae seperated by fluid inbetween

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12
Q

How does the Pacinian corpuscle respond to stimulus?

A

A mechanical stimulus deforms the capsule and nerve ending

Nerve ending stretches which opens ion channels

Na+ influx causes local depolarisation – a generator potential

APs are generated and fire at the myelinated nerve

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13
Q

How does the Pacinian corpuscle show adaptation?

A

After the initial response, the fluid in the capsule is redistributed which causes stimulus to dissipate, removing mechanical stretch of nerve ending stopping Aps firing.

When stimulus withdraws - capsule springs back and APs fire again

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14
Q

What happens if the capsule is removed in the Pacinian corpuscle?

A

Adaptation is lost

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15
Q

Somatic sensory neurons are activated by stimuli in a specific area..this is called?

A

The receptive field - e.g is touch only responds to area touched

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16
Q

Does convergence of neurons increase or decrease the sensitivity of an area?

A

Decrease it

17
Q

So if you had convergence and a a large secondary receptive field..what do you have

A

An insensitive area

18
Q

What is acuity?

A

The ability to locate a stimulus on the skin and differentiate it from another close-by…

19
Q

High acuity means that two stimulus’s send how many signals to the brain?

A

Two

20
Q

Low acuity means that two stimulus’s send how many signals to the brain?

A

One - perceived as just one stimulus

21
Q

How can stimulus be so precise - for example with a pencil tip on the finger, how can we locate it so precisely?

A

Lateral inhibition - Information from afferent neurons with sensory receptors at edge of stimulus is strongly inhibited and

22
Q

What is the structure of the muscle spindle?

A

Made of intrafusal fibres and specialised motor and sensory innervation

The ends of these fibres contain sarcomeres and are contractile which are controlled by gamma motoneurones

23
Q

What is the function of the muscle spindle?

A

Monitor muscle length

As alpha motor neurones fire they cause contraction of extrafusal fibres causing muscle contraction -

Gamma motorneurons also fire on intrafusal fibres contracting the muscle spindels which restores tension and tells the brain to stop stretching in order to stop muscle ripping itself apart

24
Q

What is the adequete stimulus for the muscle spindle stretch receptors?

A

Muscle stretch

As the muscle lengthens, ion channels open and so the length is monitored

25
Q

How do we know what is happening regarding joint positioning?

A

Efferent control of spindle function

26
Q

What is efferent control of spindle function?

A

Agonist muscle contracts and the spindle contracts so output is decreased.

This causes the antagonistic muscle to lengthen and those muscle spindles increase their outflow of action potentials.

27
Q

What do the golgi tendon organs do?

A

Monitor muscle tension

28
Q

Mechanism of the golgi tendon organs?

A

The nerve endings are intermingled with the tendons at the ends of muscles.

They act as stretch receptors and monitor the stretch in tendons.

Since tendons are inelastic, the muscles must develop tension to stretch them to stop them ripping off of bone

ZA - Science for Medicine (19 decks)

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