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Anatomy 403 > Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

afferent division

A

All input, going in

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2
Q

afferent divides into

A
  • somatic sensory
  • visceral sensory
  • special sensory
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3
Q

Somatic sensory

A

general senses:

  • touch, pressure, temperature
  • external environment
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4
Q

visceral sensory

A

[glucose], osmolarity, O2, blood pressure

- internal environment

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5
Q

special sensory

A
  • taste, smell, vision, hearing, equilibrium
  • external environment (special)
  • –> limited to cranial nerves
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6
Q

sensory receptors function

A

convert chemical/physical stimulus into nerve signal

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7
Q

sensation

A

awareness of stimulus signal must reach CNS –> cerebral cortex

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8
Q

sensory receptors

A
  • specialized dendritic endings that detect stimulus on neuron
    OR
  • receptor cell that talks to neuron
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9
Q

sense organ

A

neurons and other tissue that enhance sensory response

ex: eye, ear

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10
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature = warm or cold

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11
Q

photoreceptors

A

photons of light

  • detect light
  • produce graded potentials
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12
Q

nociceptors

A

pain (specialized chemoreceptors)

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13
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemicals = NTs, sugars, ions, amino acids. etc.

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14
Q

mechanorecptors

A

physical deformation (stretch, pressure, touch)

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15
Q

proprioceptors

A

body position and movement (muscles, tendons, joints)

- specialized mechanoreceptors

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16
Q

receptor potential

A

stimulus opens ion channels on sensory neuron or sensory cell, which produces a graded potential

  • analogous to local potentials
  • same characteristics
  • most EPSPs
  • increase magnitude of stimulus = increase frequency of APs
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17
Q

sensory coding

A
  • intensity
  • location
  • duration
  • type (modality)
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18
Q

receptive field

A

area that leads to activation of a particular neuron

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19
Q

stimulus intensity

A

determined by action potential frequency
stronger stimuli can also affect a larger area, which recruits additional afferent neurons –> send more signals
- increase summation of receptor potentials
- stronger stimulus = more ion channels
- open in neuron = more APs

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20
Q

Weber-Fechner Principle

A

the greater the background stimulus, the greater an additional change must be for it to be detected

  • ex: holding 30g weight can barely detect 1g change
  • holding 300g weight can barely detect 10g change
  • holding 30g weight would notice 10g change
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21
Q

stimulus location

A
  • precision with which we can locate a stimulus is determined by size and overlap of the receptive fields of afferent neurons
  • smaller receptive field = more precise indication of location
  • receptor density is greatest at center of the receptive field
  • visceral organs have large receptive fields = hard to pinpoint stimulus
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22
Q

one large receptive field

A

stimulus anywhere in receptive field activates same neuron

- back = about 7 cm –> cannot sense 2 touches <7 cm apart

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23
Q

three small receptive fields

A

finger = about 1 mm –> can sense 2 touches > 1 mm apart

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24
Q

high frequency of APs mean two things

A
  1. moderate stimulus at A
    OR
  2. strong stimulus at B
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25
Q

lateral inhibition

A

enhances the contrast between the center and periphery of a stimulated region to pinpoint location

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26
Q

what is the most important mechanism for to pinpoint a location?

A

lateral inhibition

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27
Q

inhibitory

A

decreases the number of APs from surrounding neurons

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28
Q

afferent neurons

A
  • recruit inhibitory interneurons to decrease stimulus in adjacent neurons
  • greatest inhibition will come from most stimulated neuron
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29
Q

examples of lateral inhibition

A
  • pressing tip of pencil against finger
  • hair movement
  • retinal processing to increase visual acuity
  • temp and pain pathways have poor lateral inhibition (difficult to pinpoint)
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30
Q

sensory adaptation

A
  • despite continued stimulus, AP frequency decrease over time
  • become less aware of stimulus
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31
Q

phasic

A

rapid adaptation

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32
Q

phasic example

A

smell, hair movement (clothes on skin, hot bath)

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33
Q

tonic

A

slow adaptation

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34
Q

tonic example

A

proprioceptors, pain

- must be aware of body position at all times

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35
Q

stimulus type

A

different receptors have different designs, which make them preferentially sensitive to one stimulus modality

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36
Q

labeled line code

A

action potentials from each receptor then travel along unique pathways to a specific region of the CNS associated with that modality
ex: will “see” light if pressure on eyeball

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37
Q

sensory pathway

A

spinal cord –> thalamus –> cerebral cortex

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38
Q

decussate

A

cross L/R

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39
Q

auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

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40
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

general senses to parietal lobe

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41
Q

taste cortex

A

parietal lobe

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42
Q

visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

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43
Q

olfactory cortex

A

info does NOT go thru thalamus first

- temporal lobe

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44
Q

sensory interpretation

A

association areas of the cortex integrate and process sensory input into perception

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45
Q

factors that affect perception

A
  1. receptor adaptation
  2. emotions, personality, experience
  3. filtering by the thalamus
  4. damaged pathways (ex: phantom limb), drugs
  5. remember weber-fechner principle
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46
Q

taste

A
  • gustation

- chemoreceptors

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47
Q

where are taste buds found?

A

lingual papillae

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48
Q

how many taste buds in the mouth and throat

A

3,000-10,000

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49
Q

vallate papillae

A

about 250 taste buds each

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50
Q

fungiform papillae

A

about 3-5 taste buds each

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51
Q

filiform papillae

A
  • sense texture

- mechanoreceptor

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52
Q

primary taste senstations

A
  • sweet
  • sour
  • salty
  • bitter
  • umami
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53
Q

sweet

A

sugars

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54
Q

sour

A

acids

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55
Q

salty

A

Na+/K+

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56
Q

bitter

A

alkaloids

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57
Q

umami

A

amino acids

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58
Q

physiology of taste

A
  1. dissolved food molecule
  2. chemoreceptor activated on taste cell
  3. NT released onto sensory neuron
  4. CNs VII, IX, X take info thru thalamus to gustatory cortex (parietal lobe)
  • rapid adaptation
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59
Q

basal cell

A

stem cells replace taste cells every 7-10 days

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60
Q

perception of taste influenced by:

A
  • differential activation of 5 receptor types
  • smell (80%)
  • sight
  • texture
  • temperature
  • other substances in foods (ex: that stimulate pain)
  • -> ex: spices, peppers
61
Q

physiology of smell

A
  1. odorant molecule dissolved in mucus of olfactory epithelium
  2. odorant receptor on olfactory cell (neuron) activated (1 of 1000 types)
  3. labeled line thru olfactory bulb
  • rapid adaptation (phasic receptors)
62
Q

perception of smell influenced by:

A
  • attentiveness
  • hunger
  • gender
  • age
  • experience
63
Q

cochlea

A

hearing

64
Q

vestibular branch

A

equilibrium

65
Q

sound waves

A

audible vibration of molecules

66
Q

frequency

A

pitch

  • cycles of movement per second
  • determined by region of basilar membrane displaced = pitch
67
Q

amplitude

A

loudness

- magnitude of movement of basilar membrane = increased number of APs

68
Q

physiology of hearing

A
  1. tympanic membrane deflects, “vibrates”
  2. middle ear bones move
  3. membrane in oval window moves
  4. basilar membrane moves by sound vibrations
  5. tectorial membrane doesn’t move –> hair cells pushed against tectorial membrane
  6. sterocilia bend against tectorial membrane tip links pull ion channels open (K+)
  7. K+ flows in to depolarize cell
  8. Voltage gated Ca+2 channels open
  9. NT released onto CN VIII (cochlear nerve)
69
Q

three fluid-filled chambers in the ear

A
  • scala vestibuli
  • cochlear duct
  • scala tympani
70
Q

what contains endolymph?

A

cochlear duct

71
Q

what contains perilymph

A
  • scala vestibuli

- scala tympani

72
Q

perilymph

A

similar to CSF

73
Q

endolymph

A
  • high in K+
  • low in Na+
  • K+ higher than CSF of hair cells
  • -> only place in the body this occurs
74
Q

tectorial membrane

A

stationary

75
Q

hair cells

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • easily damaged by intensity noises (concerts, jet engine, construction equipment)
  • can also be damaged by chronic exposure to low intensity
76
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

77
Q

inferior collculus

A

midbrain (reflexive movements of head)

78
Q

how many tastes can a human distinguish?

A

about 10,000

79
Q

how many sounds can a human distinguish?

A

about 400,000

80
Q

how many tastes can a human distinguish?

A

perceive hundreds

81
Q

static equilibrium

A

perception of orientation of head when stationary

82
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

perception of motion/acceleration

83
Q

types of dynamic equilibrium

A
  • linear acceleration

- angular acceleration

84
Q

linear acceleration

A

change in velocity in straight line

85
Q

angular acceleration

A
  • “rotational equilibrium”

- change of rate of rotation

86
Q

vestibule

A
  • utricle

- saccule

87
Q

utricle

A

horizontal plane

88
Q

saccule

A

vertical plane

89
Q

utricle and saccule

A

Brain interprets orientation of head by comparing input from both:

  • – static equilibrium
  • – linear acceleration
90
Q

otoliths

A

ear stones

91
Q

where are otoliths?

A

embedded in gelatinous fluid

- when head position is changed, fluid bends hair cells

92
Q

semicircular ducts

A
  • angular acceleration (rotational equilibrium)
  • detect rotation in 3 different planes
  • – “yes”
  • – “no”
  • – “lateral”
93
Q

vestibuloobular reflex (VOR)

A

rotate in equal/opposite direction to “keep eye on target”

94
Q

light

A
  • electromagnetic radiation
  • visible light (400-700nm)
  • detected by photoreceptors
  • -> rods and cones
95
Q

neutral tunic contains

A
  • retina

- fovea centralis

96
Q

retina

A

photoreceptors

97
Q

fovea centralis

A

increased concentration of photoreceptors

  • image focused here
  • high concentration of cones
98
Q

fibrous tunic contains

A
  • sclera

- cornea

99
Q

sclera

A

connective tissue outer layer

100
Q

cornea

A

clear anterior surface

- bends light rays most

101
Q

vascular tunic contains

A
  • choroid
  • iris
  • ciliary muscle
102
Q

choroid

A

pigmented vascular layer

103
Q

iris

A

muscles control diameter of pupil

104
Q

ciliary muscle

A

change shape of lens

105
Q

rest of the eye

A

movement and focusing imaging

106
Q

tunics

A

fluid-filled ball

107
Q

refraction

A

light bends

108
Q

lens

A

fine tunes

- can change shape with ciliary muscles to focus light on retina

109
Q

accommodation

A

change curvature of lens to focus on near objects

  • shape of lens controlled by ciliary muscle
  • -> parasympathetic control
110
Q

distant vision

A
  • ciliary muscle relaxed
  • suspensory ligament taut
  • lens thins
111
Q

near vision

A
  • ciliary muscle contracted
  • suspensory ligament relaxed
  • lens thickens
112
Q

pupillary constriction

A

to help focus light rays, the iris changes the pupil size to regulate amount of light that enters the eye
- makes edges of image clearer

113
Q

pupil dilated

A

sympathetic effect

114
Q

pupil constricted

A

parasympathetic effect

115
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness

- can’t see objects far away clear

116
Q

nearsightedness

A

eyeball too long

117
Q

nearsightedness corrected

A

concave lens diverges light rays

118
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness

- can’t see objects close up

119
Q

farsightedness

A

eyeball too short

120
Q

farsightedness corrected

A

convex lens converges light rays

121
Q

optic disc

A
  • blind spot
  • no photoreceptors here
  • where axons converge to become optic nerve (lots of blood flow)
122
Q

visual filling

A

brain “fills in” information based on background

123
Q

pigment epithelium

A

absorbs stray light

- no reflection

124
Q

bipolar cell

A

produce graded potentials

- no action potentials

125
Q

horizontal / amacrine cell

A

modify signal using lateral inhibitor to enhance contrast

126
Q

ganglion cell

A
  • action potentials
  • axons of ganglion cells from optic nerve (CN II)
  • true neurons
127
Q

rods

A
  • respond in dim light
  • located in periphery (alert us to motion)
  • high sensitivity
  • low acuity
  • no color vision (black and white)
128
Q

cones

A
  • respond in bright light
  • dense around fovea
  • high acuity (sharp image)
  • low sensitivity
  • color vision
129
Q

outer segment of rod/cones

A

contains photopigments

130
Q

inner segment of rod/cones

A

organelles

131
Q

night vision

A

many rods converge to stimulate one ganglion cell

  • large receptive field
  • up to 100 rods / bipolar cells
132
Q

spatial summation of night vision

A
  • increase sensitivity

- decreased resolution

133
Q

day vision

A

each cone has a ‘private line’ to the brain

  • small receptive field
  • increased resolution
  • decreased sensitivity
  • NO summation
134
Q

photopigments: rods

A

rhodopsin

135
Q

photopigments: cones

A

photopsins

136
Q

cone has 1 of 3 types of photopsin:

A
  • S (blue) cone
  • M (green) cone
  • L (red) cone
137
Q

blue light

A

benefiting during daylight hours

  • boost attention, reaction times, and mood
  • suppressed melatonin for about twice as long as green light and shifted circadian rhythms by twice as long
138
Q

what color should the numbers be for an alarm color?

A

red

139
Q

red light

A

has the least power to shift circadian rhythm and suppress melatonin

140
Q

signaling in the dark process

A
  1. cGMP is high –> cation channels open
    - rod cell is depolarized
  2. glutamate is released onto bipolar cell (IPSP)
  3. bipolar cell hyperpolarizes
  4. no excitatory neurotransmitter released onto ganglion cell
  5. No action potentials to brain
141
Q

rhodopsin

A

GPCR (opsin) + retinal (form of Vitamin A)

142
Q

retinal

A

light sensor

143
Q

visual signal transduction pathway

A
  1. rhodopsin absorbs photon of light
  2. Cis-retinal isomerize to trans-retinal
    - - causes conformational change in opsin
  3. opsin triggers reaction cascade that breaks down cGMP
144
Q

signaling in the light process

A
  1. cGMP levels falls –> cation channels close
    - - rod cells hyperpolarizes
  2. no glutamate is released onto bipolar cell
  3. bipolar cell depolarizes
  4. excitatory neurotransmitter released onto ganglion cell
  5. action potentials to brain via CN II
145
Q

dark adaptation

A

when moving from bright light to dark

  • rhodopsin was bleached in light
  • takes about 5 min to regenerate 50% of bleached rhodopsin
  • 20-30 min for max sensitivity
146
Q

light adaptation

A
  • when moving from dark to bright light
  • rods all become bleached because image is too bright
  • poor contrast
  • adaptation occurs quickly
147
Q

lateral inhibition

A
  • horizontal cells

- amacrine cells

148
Q

ON bipolar cells

A
  • depolarize (no glutamate from rods)

- release NT –> stimulate ganglion cell to have AP

149
Q

OFF bipolar cells

A
  • hyperpolarize (and glutamate)
  • no NT release
  • no AP ganglion cell

Anatomy 403 (13 decks)

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