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Anatomy 403 > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A

study of how living organisms function

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2
Q

integration

A
  • how the systems of the body parts work together
  • how each work towards function of a whole
  • how they influence each other
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3
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a relative stable internal environment; central theme in physiology

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4
Q

variables maintained by homeostasis

A
  • nutrient molecules (glucose)
  • O2 and CO2
  • waste products
  • water/electrolytes
  • pH (acidity)
  • temperature
  • blood pressure
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5
Q

loss of homeostasis

A

caused by illness or lead to illness

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6
Q

homeostatic control systems

A
  • negative feedback
  • positive feedback
  • feedforward regulation
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7
Q

negative feedback

A

the primary mechanism by which body systems maintain homeostasis

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8
Q

set point temperature

A

37 degrees C

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9
Q

set points

A

can be reset in special cases

  • elevated body temperature
  • exercise and blood pressure
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10
Q

positive feedback

A

to produce rapid change / acceleration of a process

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11
Q

feedforward region

A

anticipates change in regulated variables and improves the body’s homeostatic responses to minimize deviation from the set point

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12
Q

extracellular fluid

A
  • plasma

- interstitial fluid

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13
Q

intracellular fluid

A

mostly water inside cells

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14
Q

cells

A

structural and functional units of the body & the smallest unit of life

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15
Q

basic cell components

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • plasma membrane
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16
Q

nucleus

A

contains DNA

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17
Q

cytoplasm

A

organelle and cytosol

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18
Q

plasma membrane

A

the gatekeeper of the cell / controls what goes in and out

- selectively permeable

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19
Q

plasma membrane physical / chemical properties

A
  • hydrophobic
  • lipophilic
  • electrical potential
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20
Q

plasma membrane proteins

A
  • for movement of molecules

- signaling

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21
Q

lipid bilayer

A

a double layer of lipid molecules containing embedded proteins and carbohydrates

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22
Q

lipid bilayer components

A
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
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23
Q

lipids

A

phospholipids and cholesterol

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24
Q

proteins

A

integral and peripheral

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25
Q

carbohydrates

A

attached to lipid (glycolipid) or to protein (glycoprotein)

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26
Q

phospholipids

A

amphiphathic

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27
Q

hydrophilic

A
  • polar
  • dissolves in water
  • ECF
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28
Q

hydrophobic

A
  • non polar
  • doesn’t dissolve in water
  • ICF
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29
Q

cholesterol membrane functions

A
  • modulates membrane fluidity (increase cholesterol = more fluid)
  • endocytosis
  • intracellular signaling
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30
Q

peripheral

A
  • on membrane surface
  • – do not go in lipid bilayer
  • often attached to integral proteins
  • signal transduction / enzymes
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31
Q

integral

A
  • span membrane

- hydrophilic / hydrophobic parts

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32
Q

types of integral membrane proteins

A
  • receptors
  • channels
  • cell adhesions
  • cell identity
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33
Q

glyoproteins

A

most integral proteins

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34
Q

glyolipids

A

10% of membrane lipids

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35
Q

glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate “coat” on outer surface of cell membrane

36
Q

glyocalyx function

A
  • create negatively charged surface
  • cell-cell interactions
  • receptors
  • immune response
37
Q

plasma membrane permeable to

A
  • water and lipid soluble substances (ethanol, fatty acids, steroids)
  • gasses (O2, CO2)
38
Q

plasma membrane impermeable to

A
  • large molecules (glucose, amino acids)
  • charged (Na+, K+, etc.) molecules
  • -> need carrier or vesicle to enter/exit
39
Q

passive transport

A
  • filtration
  • diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
40
Q

active (energy required)

A
  • active transport

- endocytosis/exocytosis

41
Q

filtration

A

occurs between cells and is based on differences in hydrostatic pressure
- moves water/molecules between compartments

42
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

fluid pressure – “pushing pressure”

  • always flows from high pressure to low pressure
  • required to stop osmosis
  • equal with osmotic pressure at equilibrium
43
Q

simple diffusion

A
  • based on differences in concentration
  • molecules move from high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium
  • smaller molecules move faster
  • occurs by random molecular motion
  • energy comes from heat
44
Q

net flux

A

net rate of material of transfer from one location to another = always greater from areas of higher concentration to areas of low concentration

45
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

rate is limited by rate of conformational change of protein carrier

46
Q

osmosis

A

net movement of water across a membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

47
Q

osmolarity

A

total solute concentration in solution

- includes ALL solutes (penetrating and non-penetrating)

48
Q

osmotic pressure

A
  • “pulling pressure”
  • more solute means more water wants to flow
  • will be equal to hydrostatic pressure at equilibrium
49
Q

tonicity

A

ability of a solution to affect water movement and cell volume
- includes ONLY non-penetrating solutes

50
Q

hypertonic solution

A
  • cells shrink (crenation)
  • waters flows out
  • decrease cell volume
51
Q

isotonic solution

A
  • no change in cell volume

- no net movement

52
Q

hypotonic solution

A
  • cell swells (lysis)
  • water flows in
  • increase cell volume
53
Q

penetrating solutes

A
  • hydrophobic
  • urea
  • glycerol
  • ethanol
54
Q

non penetrating solutes

A
  • hydrophilic
  • ions
  • glucose
55
Q

active transport

A
  • against concentration gradient
  • requires ATP
  • requires membrane proteins
  • selective
  • transport maximum
  • –> can become saturated
56
Q

active transport types

A
  • primary active transport

- secondary active transport

57
Q

primary active transport

A
  • energy derived directly from ATP

- ex: Na+ / K+ ATPase (3 Na+ out / 2 K+ in)

58
Q

secondary active transport

A
  • uses energy from concentration differences generated by primary active transport (almost always)
  • ex: Na+ / glucose cotransporter
59
Q

endocytosis/exocytosis

A
  • require ATP and many membrane proteins

- bulk movement of large molecules (proteins / bacteria)

60
Q

endocytosis

A

digestion of bacteria

61
Q

exocytosis

A

hormone / neurotransmitters released

62
Q

endocytosis types

A
  • pinocytosis
  • phagocytosis
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • transcytosis
63
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking

64
Q

phagocytosis

A

immune cells

65
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

uptake of cholesterol and cell signaling

66
Q

transcytosis

A

movement throughout the cell

67
Q

ion channels

A

from ‘pore’ for ions to flow through membrane

  • highly selective
  • saturating (max flow)
68
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

Cl- channel found in the lungs, pancreas, sweat glands, reproductive tract
- allows Cl- to flow out of epithelial cells into lumen

69
Q

types of ion channels

A
  • “leak channels”

- gated channels

70
Q

leak channels

A

always open

71
Q

gated channels

A

open/closed, under certain circumstances (key)

72
Q

types of gated channels

A
  • voltage gated
  • ligand gated
  • mechanically gated
73
Q

voltage gated

A

open/close with change in voltage

74
Q

ligand gated

A

opened by chemical (hormone, neurotransmitters, growth factor)

75
Q

mechanically gated

A

physical force pulls channel open

- stretch, vibration, touch (sensory)

76
Q

dendrites

A

receive information

77
Q

cell body

A

process information

78
Q

axon hillock

A

action potential begins

79
Q

axon

A

action potential travels down (propagation)

80
Q

axon terminal

A

neurotransmitters release

81
Q

gated channels in dendrites

A
  • leak
  • ligand gated
  • mechanically gated
82
Q

gated channels in cell body

A
  • lead

- ligand gated

83
Q

gated channels in axon hillock

A
  • high voltage gated Na+

- high voltage gated K+

84
Q

gated channels in axon

A
  • voltage gated Na+

- voltage gated K+

85
Q

gated channels in axon terminals

A
  • voltage gated Na+
  • voltage gated K+
  • voltage gated Cl-

Anatomy 403 (13 decks)

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