Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
reproductive system
A
the only organ that does not contribute to homeostasis
2
Q
function of gonads (testes/ovaries)
A
- steroid production
2. gametogenesis
3
Q
steroid production
A
- male: testosterone
- female: estrogen/progesterone
4
Q
gametogenesis
A
- male: sperm
- female: egg (oocyte)
5
Q
mesonephric ducts
A
= Wolffian ducts
- develop in males, regress in females
6
Q
paramesonephric ducts
A
= Mullerian ducts
- develop in females, regress in males
7
Q
what does the hypothalamus secrete
A
gonadotropin releasing hormone
8
Q
what does the anterior pituitary secrete
A
- follicle stimulating hormone
- leutinizing hormone
9
Q
Wolffian ducts transformation to
A
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- seminal vesicles
- ejaculatory duct
10
Q
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) helps the development of
A
- penis
- scrotum
- prostate
11
Q
absence of AMH leads to
A
Mullerian ducts
12
Q
Mullerian ducts transformation to
A
- uterus
- Fallopian tubes
- inner vagina
13
Q
absence of testosterone
A
- regression of Wolffian ducts
- development of:
- outer vagina
- female external genitalia
14
Q
what is dihydrotestosterone (DTH) required for?
A
development of external genitalia
15
Q
testicular feminization syndrome
A
- XY genotype
- testes develop but female external genitalia and vagina
- caused by mutation in androgen receptor gene
- raised female; detected when menstruation fails to occur
- X-linked recessive
- no ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tubes, internal vagina –> not fertile
16
Q
testes contain
A
seminiferous tubules
17
Q
testes
A
steroid production, spermatogenesis
18
Q
seminiferous tubules contain
A
- interstitial (leydig) cells
- nurse (sertoli) cells
19
Q
interstitial cells
A
- make and release androgens
- make testosterone
- LH
20
Q
nurse cells
A
- form blood testes barrier
- –> to protect sperm from immune system
- promote sperm development
- provide nutrients / remove wastes + growth factors
- FSH
21
Q
2nd meiotic division
A
reduce number of chromosomes
22
Q
spermatogonia
A
present throughout life
23
Q
how long does it take to build spermatozoa
A
about 64-72 days
- help/protection from Sertoli cells
24
Q
how much sperm per day do males produce?
A
about 400 million sperm per day
- MUST be at 2-3˚ C below body temp
25
acrosome
has enzymes need to fertilize egg
26
head of sperm
DNA
27
midpiece of sperm
lots of mitochondria
| ---> for ATP to swim
28
tail of sperm
propels sperm
- about 3 mm/min
- can reach uterine tube in 30 min
29
how do sperm move through the male tract?
via fluid pressure
| - can't swim until in female tract
30
male pathway
1. seminiferous tubules
2. rete testis
3. efferent ductus
4. epididymis
5. ductus (vas) deferens
6. ejaculatory duct
7. urethra
31
seminiferous tubules
spermatogenesis occurs here
32
epididymis
sperm complete maturation here
33
accessory glands
1. seminal vesicles
2. prostate
3. bulbourethral glands
34
accessory glands production
semen
| - 10% sperm + secretions from glands
35
seminal vesicles
- 60%
- alkaline mucus
- fructose
- prostaglandins (contract uterus)
- proseminogelin
36
prostate
- 30%
- alkaline mcus
- clotting enzymes
- proteases
37
bulbourethral glands
- trace amount
- clear slippery fluid
- neutralizes acidity of residual urine is urethra
- lubricates head of penis
38
FSH
- activates sertoli cells
- which tumult spermatogenesis
- also cause inhibin
- only negative feedback to anterior pituitary
39
LH
- activates leydig cells
- produces testosterone
- double negative feedback loop
40
inhibin
allows regulation of spermatiogenesis without decrease in testosterone (decrease FSH only not LH)
41
3-6 month testosterone secretion
for development of ducts and external genitalia
42
age 1-10 years old
no FHS/LH in blood before puberty
43
puberty
increased GnRH
44
functions of testicular androgens
1. development/growth/maintenacne of repro tract/glands
2. spermatogenesis
3. body growth: esp. bone, muscle, vocal cords
4. pubic/axillary/facial hair (back, ear, nostril)
5. increased thickness of skin, basal metabolic rate, red blood cells
6. libido/aggressive behavior
45
male erection
- decrease activity of sympathetic neurons
- PSNS
- increase nitric oxide
- activates GC
- increase cGMP
- relax arterial smooth muscle (vasodilation)
- --> dilation of arteries
- erection
- compression of veins (maintains erection)
46
erection is stopped by
- decreased PSNS
= increased PDES enzyme
- cGMP ---> 5'GMP
= vasoconstriction
47
viagra/cialis
block PDES = maintain cGMP = maintains erection
48
orgasm - emission stage
- vas deferens exhibits peristalsis
- sperm moved into ampulla, ampulla contracts, sperm moved into urethra
- prostate secretes components of the seminal fluid
- seminal vesicles secrete components of the seminal fluid
49
orgasm - expulsion stage
- prostate releases additional secretion
- seminal vesicles release additional secretion
- internal urethral sphincter contraction; urine is retained in bladder
- bulbocanvernosus muscle contracts and compresses build and root of penis; semen is expelled
50
resolution
- internal pudendal arterial constricts
- reduces blood flow into penis
- trabecular muscle contract
- squeeze blood from erectile tissues
- penis becomes flaccid
51
ejaculation
emission + explusion
52
male refractory period
10 min - several hours
53
female refractory period
none
54
ovaries
oogenesis and production of estrogen and progesterone
55
oogenesis
each egg develop in its own follicle
56
Fallopian tube parts
- infundibulum
- ampulla
- isthmus
57
uterus parts
- endometrium
- myometrium
- cervix
58
endometrium
epithelial living that responds to hormones
59
myometrium
muscle layer
60
cervix
portion of uterus that protrudes into vaginal canal
61
secondary oocyte
just prior to ovulation, the primary oocyte completes the first meiotic division
62
ovum
sperm entry into the secondary oocyte triggers the 2nd meiotic division
63
theca cells
produce androgens
64
granulosa cells
convert androgens to estrogens
65
antrum
fluid filled sacks that stores estrogen
66
corpus luteum
after ovulation old granulosa/theca cells form this
67
corpus luteum cells:
- cells hypertrophy
- secrete estrogen and lots of progesterone
- storage site for cholesterol
- becomes vascularized
68
what happens to the corpus luteum if there is no fertilization?
corpus luteum degenerates and forms corpus albicans (scar tissue)
69
ovarian cycle
- follicular phase
| - luteal phase
70
uterine cycle
- menstrual phase
- proliferative phase
- secretory phase
- pre-menstrual phase
71
what drives the ovarian cycle?
anterior pituitary hormones
72
what drives the uterine cycle?
ovarian hormones
73
follicular phase
- days 1-14
- FHS stimulates several follicles to grow
- mature follicle secretes lots of estrogen (at day 14)
74
ovulation
- day 14
- rupture of mature follicle and release of egg
- increase estrogen tells anterior pituitary follicle is ready = increase LH = causes ovulation
75
Positive feedback: LH/FSH "surge"
1. primary oocyte becomes secondary oocyte
2. ovulation
3. follicle transformed into corpus luteum
76
luteal phase
- 15-28 days (ALWAYS 14 days)
- goal = prepare uterus for pregnancy
- corpus luteum secretes lot of progesterone and estrogen
- degenerates at about day 24 if no fertilization
77
menstrual phase
- days 1-5
- endometrium sloughs off and exits body
- about 50-70 mL
78
proliferative phase
- days 5-14
| - estrogen from growing follicles stimulates growth of endometrium (0.5 mm --> 2-3 mm thick)
79
secretory phase
- days 15-26
- progesterone stimulates endometrium to secrete glycogen
- estrogen stimulates continued growth (5-6 mm thick)
- rich in blood vessels / nutrients
80
premenstrual phase
- days 27-28
- decreased estrogen and progesterone (corpus luteum dead)
- vasoconstriction, endometrium dies
81
follicle
estrogen: increase development
progesterone: decrease development
82
cilia/fimbriae
estrogen: increase activity
progesterone: decrease activity
83
endometrium
estrogen: proliferation
progesterone: secretory
84
myometrium
estrogen: increase growth, contractility (propel sperm into uterine tube)
progesterone: decrease contractility (facilitate implantation; prevent pre-mature delivery)
85
cervical mucus
estrogen: thin, watery, lots (for easy movement of sperm
progesterone: viscous, little (mucus plug during pregnancy)
86
breast
estrogen: growth/duct dev./fat
progestogen: glandular growth
87
estrogen at puberty
- bone growth
- development of breasts, genitalia
- pelvic widening
- female fat distribution (breasts, hips, subcutaneous)
88
estrogen other roles
- osteoblast activation (build bone)
- permissive of vasoconstriction
- increase basal metabolic rate
- smooth/soft skin, more vascularized
89
fertilization occurs at:
distal end of uterine tube
90
fertilization
- egg lives about 24 hours after ovulation and takes about 4 days to travel to uterus
- only about 200 sperm reach the egg
- capacition takes 10 hours --> enzymes in acrosome are activated (plasma membrane sheds cholesterol)
91
trying to conceive?
sex 3-6 days before ovulation --> up to 14 hours after ovulation
92
Y-bearing sperm
light-weight, fast
- increased probability of boy when have sex after ovulation
- Y gets to egg first
93
X-bearing sperm
heavy, slow
| - increased probability of girl when have sex before ovulation
94
hCG
- secreted by blastocyst/placenta
- rescues corpus luteum (LH-like) to keep estrogen and progesterone levels high
- basis for pregnancy tests
95
estrogen
- secreted by corpus luteum (early), then placenta
| - stimulates tissue growth in mother (uterus) and fetus
96
progesterone
- secreted by corpus luteum (early), then placenta
| - prevents ovulation, menstruation, and uterine contractions
97
when is the placenta developed?
3 months
98
trophoblast
becomes placenta
| - secretes hCG
99
inner cell mass
becomes embryo
100
fully embedded after 2 weeks
- gastrula
development of 3 germ layers:
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- endoderm
101
day 16 term
embryo
102
organogenesis
germ layers differentiate into organs
| - during embryo stage
103
ectoderm
- epithelia
- epidermis
- hair
- nervous tissue
104
mesoderm
- bone
- cartilage
- muscle
- blood
105
endoderm
- GI
- respiratory tracts
- thyroid
- bladder
106
fetus
at week 8 all organs systems present
107
placenta
- attached to endometrium and to fetus by umbilical cord
- nutrients/wastes diffuse between mother and fetus (no mixing of blood)
- secretes hCG (early), estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
108
trophoblastic phase
nutrients from the endometrium
109
placental phase
only source after week 12
110
stages of labor
1. dilation
2. expulsion
3. placental
111
labor
partuition
112
dilation
- longest
- cervix widens
- "water breaks"
- 10 cm = fully dilated
113
expulsion
- delivery
| - baby head in vagina
114
placental
placenta ('afterbirth' expelled by uterine contractions
115
suckling - decrease in dopamine
- decrease in dopamine in hypothalamus
- increase in prolactin in anterior pituitary
- increase milk synthesis for next feeding
116
suckling - increase oxytocin
- increase oxytocin in posterior pituitary
| - milk ejection for current feeding
