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Anatomy 403 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

reproductive system

A

the only organ that does not contribute to homeostasis

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2
Q

function of gonads (testes/ovaries)

A
  1. steroid production

2. gametogenesis

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3
Q

steroid production

A
  • male: testosterone

- female: estrogen/progesterone

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4
Q

gametogenesis

A
  • male: sperm

- female: egg (oocyte)

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5
Q

mesonephric ducts

A

= Wolffian ducts

- develop in males, regress in females

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6
Q

paramesonephric ducts

A

= Mullerian ducts

- develop in females, regress in males

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7
Q

what does the hypothalamus secrete

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

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8
Q

what does the anterior pituitary secrete

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone

- leutinizing hormone

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9
Q

Wolffian ducts transformation to

A
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • seminal vesicles
  • ejaculatory duct
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10
Q

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) helps the development of

A
  • penis
  • scrotum
  • prostate
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11
Q

absence of AMH leads to

A

Mullerian ducts

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12
Q

Mullerian ducts transformation to

A
  • uterus
  • Fallopian tubes
  • inner vagina
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13
Q

absence of testosterone

A
  • regression of Wolffian ducts
  • development of:
    • outer vagina
    • female external genitalia
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14
Q

what is dihydrotestosterone (DTH) required for?

A

development of external genitalia

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15
Q

testicular feminization syndrome

A
  • XY genotype
  • testes develop but female external genitalia and vagina
  • caused by mutation in androgen receptor gene
  • raised female; detected when menstruation fails to occur
  • X-linked recessive
  • no ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tubes, internal vagina –> not fertile
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16
Q

testes contain

A

seminiferous tubules

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17
Q

testes

A

steroid production, spermatogenesis

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18
Q

seminiferous tubules contain

A
  • interstitial (leydig) cells

- nurse (sertoli) cells

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19
Q

interstitial cells

A
  • make and release androgens
  • make testosterone
  • LH
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20
Q

nurse cells

A
  • form blood testes barrier
  • –> to protect sperm from immune system
  • promote sperm development
  • provide nutrients / remove wastes + growth factors
  • FSH
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21
Q

2nd meiotic division

A

reduce number of chromosomes

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22
Q

spermatogonia

A

present throughout life

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23
Q

how long does it take to build spermatozoa

A

about 64-72 days

- help/protection from Sertoli cells

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24
Q

how much sperm per day do males produce?

A

about 400 million sperm per day

- MUST be at 2-3˚ C below body temp

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25
Q

acrosome

A

has enzymes need to fertilize egg

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26
Q

head of sperm

A

DNA

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27
Q

midpiece of sperm

A

lots of mitochondria

—> for ATP to swim

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28
Q

tail of sperm

A

propels sperm

  • about 3 mm/min
  • can reach uterine tube in 30 min
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29
Q

how do sperm move through the male tract?

A

via fluid pressure

- can’t swim until in female tract

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30
Q

male pathway

A
  1. seminiferous tubules
  2. rete testis
  3. efferent ductus
  4. epididymis
  5. ductus (vas) deferens
  6. ejaculatory duct
  7. urethra
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31
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

spermatogenesis occurs here

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32
Q

epididymis

A

sperm complete maturation here

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33
Q

accessory glands

A
  1. seminal vesicles
  2. prostate
  3. bulbourethral glands
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34
Q

accessory glands production

A

semen

- 10% sperm + secretions from glands

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35
Q

seminal vesicles

A
  • 60%
  • alkaline mucus
  • fructose
  • prostaglandins (contract uterus)
  • proseminogelin
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36
Q

prostate

A
  • 30%
  • alkaline mcus
  • clotting enzymes
  • proteases
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37
Q

bulbourethral glands

A
  • trace amount
  • clear slippery fluid
  • neutralizes acidity of residual urine is urethra
  • lubricates head of penis
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38
Q

FSH

A
  • activates sertoli cells
  • which tumult spermatogenesis
  • also cause inhibin
  • only negative feedback to anterior pituitary
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39
Q

LH

A
  • activates leydig cells
  • produces testosterone
  • double negative feedback loop
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40
Q

inhibin

A

allows regulation of spermatiogenesis without decrease in testosterone (decrease FSH only not LH)

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41
Q

3-6 month testosterone secretion

A

for development of ducts and external genitalia

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42
Q

age 1-10 years old

A

no FHS/LH in blood before puberty

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43
Q

puberty

A

increased GnRH

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44
Q

functions of testicular androgens

A
  1. development/growth/maintenacne of repro tract/glands
  2. spermatogenesis
  3. body growth: esp. bone, muscle, vocal cords
  4. pubic/axillary/facial hair (back, ear, nostril)
  5. increased thickness of skin, basal metabolic rate, red blood cells
  6. libido/aggressive behavior
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45
Q

male erection

A
  • decrease activity of sympathetic neurons
  • PSNS
  • increase nitric oxide
  • activates GC
  • increase cGMP
  • relax arterial smooth muscle (vasodilation)
  • –> dilation of arteries
  • erection
  • compression of veins (maintains erection)
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46
Q

erection is stopped by

A
  • decreased PSNS
    = increased PDES enzyme
  • cGMP —> 5’GMP
    = vasoconstriction
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47
Q

viagra/cialis

A

block PDES = maintain cGMP = maintains erection

48
Q

orgasm - emission stage

A
  • vas deferens exhibits peristalsis
  • sperm moved into ampulla, ampulla contracts, sperm moved into urethra
  • prostate secretes components of the seminal fluid
  • seminal vesicles secrete components of the seminal fluid
49
Q

orgasm - expulsion stage

A
  • prostate releases additional secretion
  • seminal vesicles release additional secretion
  • internal urethral sphincter contraction; urine is retained in bladder
  • bulbocanvernosus muscle contracts and compresses build and root of penis; semen is expelled
50
Q

resolution

A
  • internal pudendal arterial constricts
  • reduces blood flow into penis
  • trabecular muscle contract
  • squeeze blood from erectile tissues
  • penis becomes flaccid
51
Q

ejaculation

A

emission + explusion

52
Q

male refractory period

A

10 min - several hours

53
Q

female refractory period

A

none

54
Q

ovaries

A

oogenesis and production of estrogen and progesterone

55
Q

oogenesis

A

each egg develop in its own follicle

56
Q

Fallopian tube parts

A
  • infundibulum
  • ampulla
  • isthmus
57
Q

uterus parts

A
  • endometrium
  • myometrium
  • cervix
58
Q

endometrium

A

epithelial living that responds to hormones

59
Q

myometrium

A

muscle layer

60
Q

cervix

A

portion of uterus that protrudes into vaginal canal

61
Q

secondary oocyte

A

just prior to ovulation, the primary oocyte completes the first meiotic division

62
Q

ovum

A

sperm entry into the secondary oocyte triggers the 2nd meiotic division

63
Q

theca cells

A

produce androgens

64
Q

granulosa cells

A

convert androgens to estrogens

65
Q

antrum

A

fluid filled sacks that stores estrogen

66
Q

corpus luteum

A

after ovulation old granulosa/theca cells form this

67
Q

corpus luteum cells:

A
  • cells hypertrophy
  • secrete estrogen and lots of progesterone
  • storage site for cholesterol
  • becomes vascularized
68
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if there is no fertilization?

A

corpus luteum degenerates and forms corpus albicans (scar tissue)

69
Q

ovarian cycle

A
  • follicular phase

- luteal phase

70
Q

uterine cycle

A
  • menstrual phase
  • proliferative phase
  • secretory phase
  • pre-menstrual phase
71
Q

what drives the ovarian cycle?

A

anterior pituitary hormones

72
Q

what drives the uterine cycle?

A

ovarian hormones

73
Q

follicular phase

A
  • days 1-14
  • FHS stimulates several follicles to grow
  • mature follicle secretes lots of estrogen (at day 14)
74
Q

ovulation

A
  • day 14
  • rupture of mature follicle and release of egg
  • increase estrogen tells anterior pituitary follicle is ready = increase LH = causes ovulation
75
Q

Positive feedback: LH/FSH “surge”

A
  1. primary oocyte becomes secondary oocyte
  2. ovulation
  3. follicle transformed into corpus luteum
76
Q

luteal phase

A
  • 15-28 days (ALWAYS 14 days)
  • goal = prepare uterus for pregnancy
  • corpus luteum secretes lot of progesterone and estrogen
  • degenerates at about day 24 if no fertilization
77
Q

menstrual phase

A
  • days 1-5
  • endometrium sloughs off and exits body
  • about 50-70 mL
78
Q

proliferative phase

A
  • days 5-14

- estrogen from growing follicles stimulates growth of endometrium (0.5 mm –> 2-3 mm thick)

79
Q

secretory phase

A
  • days 15-26
  • progesterone stimulates endometrium to secrete glycogen
  • estrogen stimulates continued growth (5-6 mm thick)
  • rich in blood vessels / nutrients
80
Q

premenstrual phase

A
  • days 27-28
  • decreased estrogen and progesterone (corpus luteum dead)
  • vasoconstriction, endometrium dies
81
Q

follicle

A

estrogen: increase development
progesterone: decrease development

82
Q

cilia/fimbriae

A

estrogen: increase activity
progesterone: decrease activity

83
Q

endometrium

A

estrogen: proliferation
progesterone: secretory

84
Q

myometrium

A

estrogen: increase growth, contractility (propel sperm into uterine tube)
progesterone: decrease contractility (facilitate implantation; prevent pre-mature delivery)

85
Q

cervical mucus

A

estrogen: thin, watery, lots (for easy movement of sperm
progesterone: viscous, little (mucus plug during pregnancy)

86
Q

breast

A

estrogen: growth/duct dev./fat
progestogen: glandular growth

87
Q

estrogen at puberty

A
  • bone growth
  • development of breasts, genitalia
  • pelvic widening
  • female fat distribution (breasts, hips, subcutaneous)
88
Q

estrogen other roles

A
  • osteoblast activation (build bone)
  • permissive of vasoconstriction
  • increase basal metabolic rate
  • smooth/soft skin, more vascularized
89
Q

fertilization occurs at:

A

distal end of uterine tube

90
Q

fertilization

A
  • egg lives about 24 hours after ovulation and takes about 4 days to travel to uterus
  • only about 200 sperm reach the egg
  • capacition takes 10 hours –> enzymes in acrosome are activated (plasma membrane sheds cholesterol)
91
Q

trying to conceive?

A

sex 3-6 days before ovulation –> up to 14 hours after ovulation

92
Q

Y-bearing sperm

A

light-weight, fast

  • increased probability of boy when have sex after ovulation
  • Y gets to egg first
93
Q

X-bearing sperm

A

heavy, slow

- increased probability of girl when have sex before ovulation

94
Q

hCG

A
  • secreted by blastocyst/placenta
  • rescues corpus luteum (LH-like) to keep estrogen and progesterone levels high
  • basis for pregnancy tests
95
Q

estrogen

A
  • secreted by corpus luteum (early), then placenta

- stimulates tissue growth in mother (uterus) and fetus

96
Q

progesterone

A
  • secreted by corpus luteum (early), then placenta

- prevents ovulation, menstruation, and uterine contractions

97
Q

when is the placenta developed?

A

3 months

98
Q

trophoblast

A

becomes placenta

- secretes hCG

99
Q

inner cell mass

A

becomes embryo

100
Q

fully embedded after 2 weeks

A
  • gastrula

development of 3 germ layers:

  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
101
Q

day 16 term

A

embryo

102
Q

organogenesis

A

germ layers differentiate into organs

- during embryo stage

103
Q

ectoderm

A
  • epithelia
  • epidermis
  • hair
  • nervous tissue
104
Q

mesoderm

A
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • muscle
  • blood
105
Q

endoderm

A
  • GI
  • respiratory tracts
  • thyroid
  • bladder
106
Q

fetus

A

at week 8 all organs systems present

107
Q

placenta

A
  • attached to endometrium and to fetus by umbilical cord
  • nutrients/wastes diffuse between mother and fetus (no mixing of blood)
  • secretes hCG (early), estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
108
Q

trophoblastic phase

A

nutrients from the endometrium

109
Q

placental phase

A

only source after week 12

110
Q

stages of labor

A
  1. dilation
  2. expulsion
  3. placental
111
Q

labor

A

partuition

112
Q

dilation

A
  • longest
  • cervix widens
  • “water breaks”
  • 10 cm = fully dilated
113
Q

expulsion

A
  • delivery

- baby head in vagina

114
Q

placental

A

placenta (‘afterbirth’ expelled by uterine contractions

115
Q

suckling - decrease in dopamine

A
  • decrease in dopamine in hypothalamus
  • increase in prolactin in anterior pituitary
  • increase milk synthesis for next feeding
116
Q

suckling - increase oxytocin

A
  • increase oxytocin in posterior pituitary

- milk ejection for current feeding

Anatomy 403 (13 decks)

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