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Neuro Exam 2 - JLJ > Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 ways peripheral nerves are classified?

A

1) Their contribution to a compound action potential (A, B, and C waves) recorded from an entire mixed peripheral nerve
2) Based on fiber diameter, myelin thickness, and conduction velocity (classes I, II, III, and IV)

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2
Q

What is the classification of A-alpha afferent fibers? What is the fiber diameter? What is the conduction velocity? What is the receptor supplied?

A

Classification: Ia and Ib

Diameter: 13-20 micro-meters (large)

Velocity: 80-120 m/s (fast)

Receptor: primary muscle spindles, golgi tendon organ

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3
Q

What is the classification of A-beta afferent fibers? What is the fiber diameter? What is the conduction velocity? What is the receptor supplied?

A

Classification: II

Diameter: 6-12 micro-meters

Velocity: 35-75 m/s

Receptor: secondary muscle spindles, skin mechanoreceptors

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4
Q

What is the classification of A-delta afferent fibers? What is the fiber diameter? What is the conduction velocity? What is the receptor supplied?

A

Classification: III

Diameter: 1-5 micro-meters

Velocity: 5-30 m/s

Receptor: skin mechanoreceptors, thermal receptors, and nociceptors

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5
Q

What is the classification of C afferent fibers? What is the fiber diameter? What is the conduction velocity? What is the receptor supplied?

A

Classification: IV

Diameter: .2-1.5 micro-meters (small)

Velocity: .5-2 m/s (slow)

Receptor: skin mechanoreceptors, thermal receptors, and nociceptors

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6
Q

What is the diameter of A-alpha efferent fibers? What is the conduction velocity? What is the receptor supplied?

A

Diameter: 12-20 micro-meters

Velocity: 72-120 m/s

Receptor: extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers

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7
Q

What is the diameter of A-gamma efferent fibers? What is the conduction velocity? What is the receptor supplied?

A

Diameter: 2-8 micro-meters

Velocity: 12-48 m/s

Receptor: intrafusal muscle fibers

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8
Q

What is the diameter of B efferent fibers? What is the conduction velocity? What is the receptor supplied?

A

Diameter: 1-3 micro-meters

Velocity: 6-18 m/s

Receptor: preganglionic autonomic fibers

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9
Q

What is the diameter of C efferent fibers? What is the conduction velocity? What is the receptor supplied?

A

Diameter: .2-2 micro-meters

Velocity: .5-2 m/s

Receptor: postganglionic autonomic fibers

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10
Q

Describe meissner’s corpuscles, including what sensation they are involved with

A

Low threshold, rapidly adapting; found in glaborous skin; touch and vibration less than 100 Hz; flutter and tapping

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11
Q

Describe pacinian corpuscles, including what sensation they are involved with

A

Low threshold, rapidly adapting; found in both hairy/glaborous skin; rapid indentation of the skin such as that during high-frequency vibration (100-400 Hz)

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12
Q

Describe ruffini corpuscles, including what sensation they are involved with

A

Low threshold, slowly adapting; found in both hairy/glaborous skin; magnitude and direction of stretch; touch and pressure and proprioception

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13
Q

Describe merkel cells, including what sensation they are involved with

A

Low-threshold, slowly adapting; found in glaborous skin; pressure

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14
Q

Describe hair follicle receptors, including what sensation they are involved with

A

Rapidly and slowly adapting; motion across the skin and directionality of that motion

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15
Q

Describe tactile free nerve endings, including what sensation they are involved with

A

High threshold and slowly adapting; pain and temperature

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16
Q

Where is tactile acuity highest?

A

Fingertips and lips; smallest receptive fields

17
Q

Where is tactile acuity lowest?

A

Calf, back, and thigh; largest receptive fields

18
Q

What is the function of somatosensory area I (S1)?

A

Involved in the integration of the information for position sense as well as size, shape discrimination; also called primary sensory cortex; somatotopic representation is maintained; crude identification of senses

19
Q

What is the function of somatosensory area II (S2)?

A

Responsible for comparisons between objects, different tactile sensations and determining whether something becomes a memory; located in wall of Sylvian Fissure; receives input from S1; somatotopic representation is less maintained; important in cognitive touch

20
Q

What is the function of the parieto-temporal-occipital association area (PTO)?

A

Responsible for high-level interpretation of sensory inputs; receives input from multiple sensory areas; analyzes spatial coordinates of self in environment; also functions in identification of objects

21
Q

What is the Law of Projection?

A

States that regardless of the place along an afferent pathway that is stimulated, the sensation is perceived to come from the place that the innervation arises

22
Q

Define pain

A

Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

23
Q

Define nociception

A

Neural process of encoding noxious stimuli (a stimulus that is damaging or threatens damage to normal tissues)

24
Q

Define hypersensitivity

A

Increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to their normal input, and/or recruitment of a response to normally subthreshold inputs

25
Q

Define hyperaesthesia

A

Increased sensitivity to stimulation, excluding the special senses

26
Q

Define hyperalgesia

A

Increased pain from a stimulus that normally provokes pain

27
Q

Define allodynia

A

Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain; classic example is the lay of sheets on skin that has been sunburned

28
Q

What is mechanical stimuli?

A

Response to mechanical forces ranging from a moderate pressure with a blunt object to overtly tissue-damaging stimuli

29
Q

What is chemical stimuli?

A

Response to endogenous or exogenous chemical compounds, such as pro-inflammatory mediators, acids, or capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in chili peppers

30
Q

What is thermal stimuli?

A

Response to noxious heat and cold will directly activate thermal receptors expressed by nociceptors

31
Q

What makes up the major class of sensory detection and transducers in nociceptive neurons?

A

Transient receptor potential (TRP)

32
Q

What is the TRPV1 receptor?

A

Ligand-gated nonselective cation channel; sensitive to vanilloid compounds, especially capsaicin

33
Q

What is the TRPA1 receptor?

A

Sensitive to allyl isothiocyanate, the active ingredient in mustard oil, wasabi, and horseradish

34
Q

What is the TRPM8 receptor?

A

Activated by both innocuous cooling and noxious cold temperatures, as well as a number of cooling agents

35
Q

What is central sensitization?

A

Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord that generates post-injury pain hypersensitivity together with the cellular and molecular mechanisms

36
Q

What is peripheral sensitization?

A

Neuroplastic changes relating to the function, chemical profile, or structure of the peripheral nervous system that encompasses changes in receptor, ion-channel, and neurotransmitter expression levels

37
Q

Describe peptidergic nociceptors

A

Expresses neuropeptides (substance P and CGRP), responsive to NGF; most visceral afferents are peptidergic; half of cutaneous afferents are peptidergic; chronic inflammation upregulates neuropeptides

38
Q

Describe non-peptidergic nociceptors

A

Does not express CGRP or SP neuropeptides; responsive to GDNF; very few visceral afferents are non-peptidergic; half of cutaneous afferents are non-peptidergic; involved in somatic chronic pain states such as that of diabetic neuropathy

Neuro Exam 2 - JLJ (16 decks)

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