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Neuro Exam 2 - JLJ > Development of the Brain > Flashcards

Development of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the neural plate and neural groove develop? What week of development does this begin? What induces this development?

A

Develop on the posterior aspect of the trilaminar embryo; 3 weeks; induced by notochord

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2
Q

When does neurulation being? Where does the cranial 2/3 and caudal 1/3 come from?

A

Begins 4th week, around the 22-23 days; cranial 2/3 come from 4th pair of somites which becomes the future brain; caudal 1/3 becomes future spinal cord

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3
Q

Where does the neural tube first form? When does the cranial neuropore close? When does the caudal neuropore close?

A

Neural tube first forms at 5th somite; cranial neuropore closes at 25 days; caudal neuropore closes at 27 days

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4
Q

When does the brain develop?

A

Brain develops during 3rd week from the neural tube, cranial to the 4th pair of somites

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5
Q

What forms primary brain vesicles?

A

Fusion of neural folds in cranial region and closure of rostral neuropore

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6
Q

What week do secondary brain vesicles form?

A

5th week

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7
Q

What does the forebrain divide into? What does the hindbrain divide into?

A

Forebrain: telencephalon and diencephalon

Hindbrain: metencephalon and myelencephalon

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8
Q

What is the midbrain flexure?

A

Becomes the midbrain

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9
Q

What is the cervical flexure?

A

Midbrain and spinal cord junction, defined as the level of superior rootlet of C1 (roughly located at the foramen magnum); demarcates hindbrain from the spinal cord

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10
Q

What is the pontine flexure?

A

Meten-myelencephalon junction; divides hindbrain into metencephalon (rostral) and myelencephalon (caudal); causes walls of medulla to move laterally

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11
Q

T/F: Brain flexures produce considerable variation in the position of the gray and white matter

A

True

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12
Q

What does the myelencephalon become?

A

Medulla oblongata

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13
Q

What does the metencephalon become? What does the cavity of metencephalon form?

A

Pons and cerebellum; forms superior part of 4th ventricle

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14
Q

What does the cavity of the hindbrain become?

A

4th ventricle and central canal in the medulla

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15
Q

What is the nuclei gracilus and cuneatus? What forms these?

A

Sensory nuclei that associate with paired, afferent tracts; formed by neuroblasts in alar plates migrating to marginal zone

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16
Q

What is important about alar plates becoming lateral to the basal plates?

A

Leads to motor nuclei developing medial to sensory nuclei

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17
Q

What do neuroblasts in basal plate develop into?

A

Motor neurons/nuclei that organize into cell columns, which are:

general somatic efferent
special visceral efferent
general visceral efferent

Also form tegmental nuclei (red nuclei, reticular nuclei, CN III and IV nuclei)

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18
Q

What do neuroblasts in alar plate develop into? They also migrate into the tectum and form what?

A

Form neurons that are arranged in columns, which are:

general visceral afferent
special visceral afferent
general somatic afferent
special somatic afferent

Migrate into tectum and form superior/inferior colliculi

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19
Q

Some neuroblasts migrate ventrally and form what?

A

Neurons in the olivary nuclei

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20
Q

Where does the cerebellum develop from?

A

From dorsal parts of alar plates

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21
Q

Pia mater covers the roof of the 4th ventricle externally. Where does this pia mater come from embryologically?

A

Derived from hindbrain mesenchyme

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22
Q

What is the tela choroidea? What does this do in the 4th ventricle?

A

Sheet of pia covering the lower part of 4th ventricle; made of pia and an ependymal cell roof; invaginates 4th ventricle to form choroid plexus

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23
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the choroid plexus derived from?

A

Neuroepithelium

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24
Q

Where does the stroma develop from?

A

Develops from mesenchymal cells

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25
Q

The roof of the 4th ventricle evaginates in three locations, which rupture and form what structures? What do these structures do?

A

Form median and lateral apertures; permit the CSF to enter subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle

26
Q

Fibers growing from the cerebral cortex form what?

A

Cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri)

27
Q

The neural canal narrows and forms a structure called what? What does this structure do?

A

Cerebral aqueduct; connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

28
Q

The 3 swellings in the lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle form what?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

29
Q

What is the epithalamic sulcus? What is the hypothalamic sulcus?

A

Epithalamic Sulcus: separates thalamus and epithalamus

Hypothalamic Sulcus: separates thalamus and hypothalamus

30
Q

What is the interthalamic adhesion?

A

Spot where both thalamus fuse together at the midline

31
Q

Where does the hypothalamus arise from?

A

Neuroblasts in intermediate zone

32
Q

Where does the epithalamus develop from?

A

Develops from roof and dorsal portion of the lateral wall

33
Q

Describe the development of the pineal gland

A

Develops as a median diverticulum of the caudal part of the roof of the diencephalon; proliferation of cells in its walls converts it into a solid, cone-shaped gland

34
Q

What is the hypophyseal diverticulum? Where is it found? What does it form?

A

Also known as Rathke’s pouch; upgrowth of roof of stomodeum; lies near floor of diencephalon dring 3rd week; forms part anterior and pars tuberalis

35
Q

What is the neurohypophyseal diverticulum? What does it form?

A

Downgrowth from diencephalon; forms median eminence, infundibulum, and pars nervosa

36
Q

What do neuroepithelial cells differentiate into?

A

Pituicytes

37
Q

What do the cavities of the telencephalon and diencephalon form?

A

3rd ventricle

38
Q

What are optic vesicles and when do they appear?

A

Primordia of the retinae and optic nerves; appear as closure of rostral neuropore occurs

39
Q

What allows communication of the cerebral hemispheres with the 3rd ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramina

40
Q

What does mesenchyme trapped in the longitudinal fissure give rise to?

A

Falx cerebri

41
Q

What is holoprosencephaly?

A

Incomplete separation of the cerebral hemispheres caused by defects in forebrain development that often cause facial anomalies resulting from a reduction of the facial/frontal neuropore (FNP); leads to cyclopia, premaxillary agenesis, proboscis, single-nostril, hypotelorism, facial clefts

42
Q

What are the different cerebral commissures? Which one forms first?

A

Lamina terminalis, anterior commissure, hippocampal commissure, corpus callosum, and septum pellucidum; anterior and hippocampal commissures form first

43
Q

Where is the lamina terminalis found?

A

Rostral end of forebrain

44
Q

What does the anterior commissure connect? What does the hippocampal commissure connect?

A

Anterior: interconnects olfactory bulb w/ hemispheres

Hippocampal: connects hippocampal formations

45
Q

What does the corpus callosum connect?

A

Links hemispheres along their length; anterior portion forms first, posterior portion forms in fetal life

46
Q

Where does the septum pellucidum form from?

A

Formed from lamina terminalis being stretched; it is a thin plate of brain tissue containing nerve cells and fibers

47
Q

What is agenesis of corpus callosum?

A

Complete or partial absence of the corpus callosum; condition may be asymptomatic, but seizures and mental deficiency are common; associated with more than 50 congenital syndromes

48
Q

At birth, what is the percentage of the brain volume compared to its adult volume?

A

25%

49
Q

Postnatal growth of the brain comes from what?

A

Neurons increasing in size and the myelination of axons

50
Q

When does the brain reach its final size?

A

Around 7 years of age

51
Q

What is lissencephaly?

A

Incomplete neuronal migration to cerebral cortex during 3-4 months of gestation; smooth cerebral surface consisting of broad, thick gyri (pachygyria) or lack of gyri (agyria) and neuronal heterotopia (cells in aberrant positions compared to normal); enlarged ventricles and malformation of the corpus callosum are common; will initially appear normal but later develop seizures, profound mental deficiency, and mild spastic quadriplegia

52
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

Neurodevelopmental disorder where calvaria and brain are small, but the face is normal size; significant mental deficiencies due to brain underdevelopment; results from a reduction in brain growth; caused by autosomal recessive primary microcephaly, ionizing radiation, infectious agents, and maternal alcohol abuse

53
Q

The anterior and posterior neuropores normally close

A. On the 14th day after fertilization
B. On the 21st day after fertilization
C. During 3rd week of development
D. During 4th week of development
E. During 6th week of development
A

D

54
Q

Which of the following cell types found in the CNS is NOT derived from neuroectoderm?

A. Microglia
B. Oligodendrocytes
C. Fibrous astrocytes
D. Ependymal cells
E. Protoplasmic astrocytes
A

A

55
Q

Maternal toxoplasmosis may result in:

A. Spina bifida occulta
B. Holoprosencephaly
C. Microcephaly
D. Meningocele
E. Meroencephaly (anencephaly)
A

C

56
Q

The sulcus limitans is the groove that separates the :

A. Central canal and the ventricular zone
B. Alar and basal plates
C. Intermediate zone and the marginal zone
D. Roof plate and floor plate

A

B

57
Q

The neural crest cells contribute to the development of:

A. Alar plate
B. Marginal zone
C. Oligodendrocytes
D. Neural tube
E. Schwann cells
A

E

58
Q

The cervical flexure divides the:

A. Hindbrain into caudal myelencephalon and rostral metencephalon
B. Hindbrain from the spinal cord
C. Midbrain from the forebrain
D. Forebrain into telencephalon and diencephalon

A

B

59
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of the prosencephalon?

A. It gives rise to the diencephalon
B. It gives rise to the mesencephalon
C. It gives rise to the telencephalon
D. Its cavity includes the 3rd ventricle
E. Its cavity includes the lateral ventricle
A

B

60
Q

Spina bifida occulta is most commonly found in which f the following regions?

A. Cervical
B. Upper thoracic
C. Mid-thoracic
D. Lower thoracic
E. Lumbosacral
A

E

61
Q

A mother came to the clinic saying her baby’s head is getting larger. MRI shows an obstruction of the foramen Luschka and Magendie and a large posterior fossa cyst. What other finding would be present on the MRI?

A. Incomplete separation of the cerebral hemispheres
B. Damage to the basal ganglia
C. Syringomyelia of the cervical spinal cord
D. Hypoplasia of the vermis of the cerebellum
E. Herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum

A

D

62
Q

All of the following are true about hydrocephalus EXCEPT:

A. Occurs in association with maternal infection of rubella (microcephaly)
B. It may result from obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct
C. It may result from absence of the foramen of Luschka and Magendie (Dandy-Walker syndrome)
D. Occurs in association with spina bifida (Arnold-Chiari II syndrome)

A

A

Neuro Exam 2 - JLJ (16 decks)

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