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Neuro Exam 2 - JLJ > Histology of the CNS > Flashcards

Histology of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neuropil?

A

Dense network of nerve fibers and their branches and synapses, together with glial filaments

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2
Q

What is anterograde transport?

A

Carries material from the nerve cell body to the axon; utilizes kinesin, a microtubule-associated motor protein

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3
Q

What is retrograde transport?

A

Carries materal from the axon terminal to the cell body or dendrites to the cell body; utilizes dynein, a microtubule-associated motor protein

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4
Q

Describe slow transport

A

Anterograde movement of substances; speed of .2-.4 mm/day; typically cytoskeletal elements

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5
Q

Describe fast transport

A

Bidirectional movement of organelles; speed of 20-400 mm/day; retrograde may include endocytosed toxins and viruses

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6
Q

What does a presynaptic terminal bouton contain?

A

Mitochondria and synaptic vesicles that release neurotransmitters via exocytosis

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7
Q

What does a postsynaptic cell membrane contain?

A

Receptors for the neurotransmitter and ion channels to initiate a new impulse

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8
Q

Describe an electrical synapse

A

Direct, passive flow of electrical current between neurons via gap junctions; link pre and post-synaptic membranes; contain connexon proteins that link pre- and post-synaptic membranes

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9
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Form a network of delicate terminals contacting synapses and other structures; terminal processes of a single astrocyte typically associate with 1 million + synaptic sites

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10
Q

The proximal regions of astrocytes are reinforced with what?

A

Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)

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11
Q

What do olingodendrocytes do?

A

Extend processes that enwrap nearby axons in myelin; enwrap axons from multiple neurons

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12
Q

Describe ependymal cells

A

Columnar or cuboidal cells that line the brain ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord; apical end have cilia and long microvilli that facilitate movement of CSF and are likely involved in absorption; joined apically by apical junctional complexes; no basal lamina present

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13
Q

What is the choroid plexus and what does it do?

A

Folded layer of pia mater covered by cuboidal ependymal cells; removes H2O from blood and releases it as CSF; contains Na, K, and Cl, very little protein, and sparse lymphocytes

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14
Q

Where is the choroid plexus located?

A

Completely fills ventricles, central canal of spinal cord, subarachnoid space, and perivascular space

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15
Q

What are microglia and what do they do?

A

Originate from monocytes; will remove damaged or unactive synapses or other fibrous components and is the major mechanism of immune defense in the CNS, removing any microbial invaders

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16
Q

Describe the spinal cord

A

Has a central mass of gray matter with ventral, lateral, and dorsal horns; central canal lies in the central commissure and is lined by ependymal cells and contains CSF; white matter consists of ascending tracts of sensory fibers and descending motor tracts

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17
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Molecular, purkinke cells, granular; organized into folia with the cerebellar medulla located deep

18
Q

Describe the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Many neuropil and scattered neuronal cell bodies

19
Q

Describe the purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Extend dendrites throughout the molecular layer as a branching basket of nerve fibers

20
Q

Describe the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Contains various very small, densely packed neurons and little neuropil

21
Q

What is the older part of the cortex called and how many layers does it have?

A

Archicortex, 3 layers

22
Q

What is the majority of the cortex called and how many layers does it have?

A

Neocortex, 6 layers

23
Q

What are pyramidal cells?

A

Pyramid-shaped cell bodies with the apex directed towards the cortical surface; huge upper motor neurons of the motor cortex (Betz cells) are the largest

24
Q

What are granule (stellate) cells?

A

Small neurons with a cell body the shape of a star (look like granules on micrographs)

25
Q

What are Cells of Martinotti?

A

Small polygonal cells with a few short dendrites

26
Q

What are fusiform cells?

A

Spindle-shaped cells oriented at right angles to the surface of the cerebral cortex

27
Q

What are Horizontal Cells of Cajal?

A

Small and spindle-shaped but oriented parallel to the surface (least common)

28
Q

What cells are found in the cerebral cortex?

A

Pyramidal, granule (stellate), Cells of Martinotti, fusiform, Horizontal Cells of Cajal, astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and microglial cells

29
Q

What are the 6 cortical layers of the neocortex from superficial to deep?

A

Molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, ganglionic, and multiform (polymorphic) layers

30
Q

What is the molecular layer of the neocortex?

A

Consists largely of fibers, most of which travel parallel to the surface, and mostly neuroglial cells and Horizontal Cells of Cajal

31
Q

What is the external granular layer of the neocortex?

A

Consists mainly of small pyramidal cells and granule cells

32
Q

What is the external pyramidal layer of the neocortex?

A

Pyramidal cells are somewhat larger and possess a typical pyramidal shape; not sharply demarcated from layer 2

33
Q

What is the inner granular layer of the neocortex?

A

Characterized by the presence of many small granule cells

34
Q

What is the ganglionic layer (inner pyramidal layer) of the neocortex?

A

Contains pyramidal cells that are extremely large (Betz cells) in motor areas

35
Q

What is the multiform (polymorphic) layer of the neocortex?

A

Contains cells with diverse shapes, many of which are fusiform cells

36
Q

What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s?

A

Memory failure, progressing steadily to involve motor skills, speech, and sensation

37
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

Large mass of gray matter containing multipolar neurons w/ dark pigment; has connections with the cortex, spinal cord, corpus striatum, and reticular formation; plays important role in fine control of motor function

38
Q

What is neuromelanin pigment and where is this found?

A

Contains dopamine, which has inhibitory effects in brain areas dedicated to movement; found in substantia nigra

39
Q

What are the clinical features of Parkinson’s?

A

Tremor, slow movement, and rigidity resulting from degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra, which leads to a loss of dopamine

40
Q

What are some things associated with Parkinson’s?

A

Lewy bodies and alpha-synuclein proteins

41
Q

What are some things associated with Alzheimer’s?

A

Amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

42
Q

What is the most common neurodegenerative disease?

A

Alzheimer’s

Neuro Exam 2 - JLJ (16 decks)

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