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Physiology Exam 1 > Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 sensory modalities?

A

Chemo
Mechano
Photo
Thermo
Electro

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2
Q

What are the two main functions of the sensory system?

A

Signal detection
Discrimination

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3
Q

What must be estimated from sensory input?

A

Qualitative
Quantitative
Temporal
Spatial

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4
Q

What determines perception?

A

Kind of receptor activated
Brain processing

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5
Q

What is acuity?

A

Ability to detect details

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6
Q

What does size of receptive field depend on?

A

Density of receptors

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7
Q

What does a small receptive field result in?

A

Greater tactile acuity
Sharpness of sensation

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8
Q

What types of sensory receptors are ionotropic?

A

Mechano
Thermo
Electro

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9
Q

What types of sensory receptors are metabotropic?

A

Chemo
Photo

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10
Q

What are generator potentials?

A

Sensory equivalent of EPSP

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11
Q

What type of relationship is stimulus intensity to AP Frequency?

A

Semi-logarithmic relationship

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12
Q

What is range fractionation?

A

Different cells with different but overlapping sensitivites that extend dynamic range

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13
Q

How does sensory pathways convey type of stimulus?

A

Type of sensor

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14
Q

How does sensory pathways convey location of stimulus?

A

Brain has a map of each receptor

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15
Q

Does adaptation happen in CNS or PNS?

A

Both

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16
Q

Where does the olfactory pathway project?

A

Directly to cortex

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17
Q

Where does the equilibrium pathway project?

A

Directly to cerebellum
Indirectly to cortex via thalamus

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18
Q

Where do the sensory pathways pass through before projecting further in the brain?

A

Thalamus

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19
Q

What are somatic senses?

A

Body feelings sensations

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20
Q

Where are somatic senses projected?

A

Somatosensory cortex

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21
Q

What are the 5 basic taste qualities?

A

Salty
Sour
Sweet
Bitter
Umami

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22
Q

What is the process of tasting sweet?

A

Sugar binds to receptor
Signal-transduction pathway
K+ channel closes
Na+ and Ca+ comes into the cell, depolarizes
Stimulates the release of NT
Produces synapse

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23
Q

What is the process of tasting salt?

A

Salt binds to receptor
Signal-transduction pathway
Ca+ comes into the cell, depolarizes
Stimulates the release of NT
Produces synapse

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24
Q

What is the process of tasting sour?

A

H+ binds to receptor
Signal-transduction pathway
Ca+ comes into the cell, depolarizes
Stimulates the release of NT
Produces synapse

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25
Q

What is the process of tasting bitter?

A

Quinine binds to receptor
Signal-transduction pathway
Ca+ released from ER, depolarizes
Stimulates the release of NT
Produces synapse

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26
Q

What flavors use G protein receptors?

A

Bitter
Sweet

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27
Q

What type of channel is used for tasting salt?

A

Leak channel

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28
Q

What are the steps in the gustatory pathway?

A

Facial Nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Medulla
Thalamus
Gustatory cortex

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29
Q

Where is the facial nerve?

A

Front 2/3 of tongue

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30
Q

Where is the glosopharyngeal nerve?

A

Back 1/3 of tongue

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31
Q

What does the medulla do in the gustatory pathway?

A

Initiates PNS reflexes to trigger saliva and gastric secretion

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32
Q

What is the vagus nerve?

A

Few taste buds on epiglottis and pharynx

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33
Q

What are the two theories of chemosensory coding?

A

Labeled-line coding
Across-fiber pattern

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34
Q

What is labeled line coding?

A

Each receptor responds to limited range of stimuli and sends direct line to brain

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35
Q

What is across-fiber pattern?

A

Each receptor responds to wider range of stimuli and contributes to perception of each of them

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36
Q

What are two functions of smell?

A

Food selection
Mate selection

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37
Q

What is the organ of smell?

A

Olfactory epithelium- roof of nasal cavity

38
Q

What are olfactory receptor cells?

A

Bipolar neurons with cilia

39
Q

What is the olfactory nerve?

A

Bundles of olfactory receptor axons

40
Q

What is bowman’s gland?

A

produces gel-forming protein and odorant-binding proteins

41
Q

What is the olfactory pathway?

A

Receptor cells synapse with Mitral cells in glomeruli of olfactory bulbs

42
Q

What are mitral cells?

A

amplify, refine, and relay signals along olfactory tracts

43
Q

Where do mitral cells relay signals to?

A

Olfactory cortex
Hypothalmus, amygdala, and limbic system

44
Q

How many odors can humans discriminate?

A

100,000

45
Q

How many smell receptors do humans have?

A

350 functional genes for receptors

46
Q

What is the combinatorial code for odor?

A

Odorants are coded by combinations of olfactory receptors

47
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Where the highest density of photoreceptor cells are located

48
Q

Where do 90% of retinal projections go?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

49
Q

What is the superior colliculus?

A

Controls pupillary responses
Eye movements

50
Q

Where does light info from right retina on each eye go?

A

Both go to right lateral geniculate and visual cortex

51
Q

What is the pigment epithelium?

A

Cells that help rods and cones mature

52
Q

What are the three segments of rods and cones?

A

Outer segment
Inner segment
Synaptic terminal

53
Q

What is located in the outer segment of rods and cones?

A

Visual pigments located in membrane discs

54
Q

What is located in the inner segment of rods and cones?

A

Major organelles, photopigment synthesis, mitochondria, ATP synthesis

55
Q

What is rhodopsine?

A

Opsin and retinal
Located in membrane disks of rods and cones

56
Q

What is the difference between rods and cones?

A

Rods- more sensitive, no color
Cones- less sensitive, sees color

57
Q

How does retinal respond to light?

A

Retinal changes shape from cis to trans
opens ion channels

58
Q

How many types of opsin do rods have?

A

1

59
Q

How many types of opsin do cones have?

A

3

60
Q

What colors do cones see?

A

Red
Green
Blue

61
Q

Why are there three types of cones?

A

One for each color

62
Q

Which shape of retinal is bound to opsin?

A

Cis

63
Q

Why can we only see a visible range of light?

A

Light with too much energy damages rhodopsine
Too little energy doesn’t excite retinal

64
Q

What is a rod cells’ signal transduction pathway?

A

Light activates opsin
Transducin activates PDE
That hyperpolarizes VGNaC

65
Q

Why does light hyperpolarize rod cells?

A

To prevent release of inhibitory compunds

66
Q

What inhibitory NT is released in the dark?

A

Glutamate

67
Q

What cells produce action potential in the light pathway?

A

Ganglion cell

68
Q

When does bipolar cell in light pathway release excitatory NT?

A

In light, rods don’t produce inhibitory NT

69
Q

What type of potential do cells(besides ganglion) use in the light pathway?

A

Graded potentials

70
Q

What is the direct neural pathway in vision?

A

Receptor, bipolar, ganglion

71
Q

What is the indirect neural pathway in vision?

A

Receptor, horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, ganglion cell

72
Q

What is lateral inhibition?

A

Seeing different shades in the same block due to neural network

73
Q

What is the neural network in vision?

A

cross connection between cells(horizontal and amacrine) provides neural processing

74
Q

What is the function of lateral inhibiton?

A

Contrast enhancement

75
Q

What are the two types of ganglion cells?

A

On center field
Off center field

76
Q

What is an on-center off-surround ganglion cell?

A

Cell is active when light shines on center
Inactive when light also shines on surround area

77
Q

What type of inputs do the surround areas give to ganglion cells?

A

Inhibitory

78
Q

Do rods or cones experience bleaching faster?

A

Rods

79
Q

What is pitch?

A

Frequnecy of pressure changes

80
Q

What is intensity of sound?

A

Amplitude of pressure changes

81
Q

What are the steps of hearing?

A

Vibrations hit ear drum
Bones pass vibration to fluid through oval window
Fluid passes vibrations to membrane
Hair cells are activated

82
Q

What is the basilar membrane?

A

Contains hair cells

83
Q

What are hair cells?

A

Release NT based on vibrations

84
Q

What causes NT release in hair cells?

A

Force towards
Opens K+ channels
Depolarizes
Ca2+ eneters

85
Q

How are the roles of Na+ and K+ different between action potentials and hair cells?

A

Reversed

86
Q

Why does K+ entering cell cause depolarization in hair cells?

A

More K+ outside than inside

87
Q

Where are high frequency sounds located on the basilar membrane in relation to stapes?

A

Close to stapes

88
Q

Where are low frequency sounds located on the basilar membrane in relation to stapes?

A

Far from stapes

89
Q

What does hair cell location code for on membrane?

A

Sound pitch

90
Q

What is the structure of the basilar membrane?

A

Very stiff and naroow close to oval window, flexible near distal end

91
Q

How is sound loudness coded for?

A

Degree of displacement and action potential frequency

92
Q

What is tonotopic representation?

A

Different regions of basilar membrane project to different ares of cortex

Physiology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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