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Physiology Exam 1 > Neurophysiology ! > Flashcards

Neurophysiology ! Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two branches of the nervous system?

A

Central and peripheral

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2
Q

What are the three major functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory Function
Integration Function
Motor Function

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3
Q

What is the sensory function of the nervous system?

A

Monitors internal and external environment through presence of receptors

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4
Q

What is the integration function of the nervous system?

A

Interpretation of sensory information, information processing

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5
Q

What is the motor function of the nervous system?

A

Response to information processed through stimulation of effectors

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6
Q

What are two major aspects of the motor function of the nervous system?

A

Muscle contraction
Gland secretion

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7
Q

What are the two ways the nervous system operates?

A

Electrical impulses and chemical signals

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8
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

Receptive region of neuron that connects with other cells to receive signals

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9
Q

What is an axon?

A

Impulse generating and conducting region of a neuron

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10
Q

Where is an impulse formed in a neuron?

A

The axon

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11
Q

What is a schwann cell?

A

One internode of the axon, myelin insulator

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12
Q

What is a neurilemma?

A

Sheath of schwann

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13
Q

What is a node of ranvier?

A

Unmyelinated portion of axon, no schwann cell

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14
Q

What is an axon terminal?

A

Connects with other neurons, releases chemicals to stimulate near by neurons

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15
Q

What percentage of body weight is made up by neural tissue?

A

3%

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16
Q

What is a part of the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

How many neurons does the brain have?

A

100 billion

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18
Q

How many neurons does the spinal cord have?

A

100 million

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19
Q

What branch of the nervous system includes spinal and cranial nerves?

A

Peripheral nervous system

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20
Q

What is the difference between a nerve and a neuron?

A

A nerve contains many neurons’ axons

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21
Q

What are bundles of axons in the PNS and CNS?

A

PNS- Nerves
CNS- tracts/pathways

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22
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons, less dense

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23
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Unmyelinated cell bodies

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24
Q

How are cell bodies clustered together in the PNS and CNS?

A

PNS- Ganglia
CNS- Nuclei/centers

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25
Q

Where is gray and white matter located in respect to each other within the spinal cord?

A

Gray matter mostly in the center surrounded by white matter

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26
Q

What is afferent neurons?

A

Towards CNS

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27
Q

What are efferent neurons?

A

Towards effectors

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28
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles and glands

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29
Q

Are ganglion cells in the afferent or efferent transmission?

A

Afferent

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30
Q

What connects afferent and efferent transmission?

A

Interneuron

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31
Q

What are the two main types of cells in the nervous system?

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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32
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

Maintain the environment surrounding neurons to aid their ability to transfer information

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33
Q

Between neurons and neuroglia, which are smaller and more numerous?

A

Neuroglia

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34
Q

Do neuroglia generate electrical impulses?

A

No

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35
Q

What are the two types of glial cells in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells and Satellite cells

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36
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Provide support

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37
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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38
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

They regulate nutrients/ions, and form a blood brain barrier in the CNS

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39
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Form myelin in the CNS

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40
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Macrophages, provide protection in the CNS

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41
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Control cerebral spinal fluid in the CNS

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42
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

Voltage difference across cell membrane

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43
Q

Is the concentration of Na+ higher outside or inside of a neuron?

A

Outside

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44
Q

Is the concentration of K+ higher outside or inside of a neuron?

A

Inside

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45
Q

Is the concentration of Cl- higher outside or inside of a neuron?

A

Outside

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46
Q

What is the equation for Ohm’s law?

A

V=LxR
Voltage=current x resistance

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47
Q

What is the units for current in Ohm’s law?

A

ampere

48
Q

What is the units for resistance in Ohm’s law?

A

ohm

49
Q

What is an insulator?

A

Substance with high electrical resistance

50
Q

What is a conductor?

A

Substance with low electrical resistance

51
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV

52
Q

What are 2 types of passive membrane responses to stimuli?

A

Hyperpolarization
Depolarization lower than threshold

53
Q

What is repolarization?

A

Returning from low or high polarization to resting membrane potential

54
Q

What are the three phases of an action potential?

A

Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization

55
Q

Is a neuron membrane more permeable to Na+ or K+?

A

K+

56
Q

What keeps Na+ and K+ concentration different across the membrane?

A

Na+/K+ exchange pump

57
Q

What does the Na+/K+ exchange pump do?

A

Pumps two K+ in the cell for every three Na+ out of the cell, requires ATP

58
Q

How is the resting potential mainly generated?

A

Open non-gated K+ channels

59
Q

Are there more K+ or Na+ channels?

A

K+

60
Q

In a resting cell, is there more K+ or Na+ leakage?

A

K+

61
Q

How do electrical signals arise?

A

Ion movement

62
Q

What is the structure of ion channels?

A

Several subunits in a cylinder with an ion-conducting pore down the center

63
Q

How can ion channels be selective?

A

Size of pore, nature of amino acid functional groups lining pore

64
Q

What are the two types of ion channels?

A

Non-gated and gated

65
Q

What are resting ion channels?

A

Leakage or non-gated channels, always open and contribute to resting potential

66
Q

What is the result of their being more leakage K+ channels?

A

K+ leaks out making cell more negative, pumped back in with Na/K exchange pump

67
Q

What are the 4 types of gated ion channels?

A

Voltage
Ligand
Signal
Mechanical

68
Q

What are voltage-gated channels?

A

Open in response to change in voltage across membrane, participates in action potential

69
Q

What are ligand-gated channels?

A

Open and close in response to particular extracellular chemical stimuli

70
Q

What are signal-gated channels?

A

Stimulus is intracellular chemical stimulus

71
Q

What are mechanically-gated channels?

A

Open with stretching or pressure

72
Q

What is a graded potential?

A

Signal decreases in strength with distance traveled

73
Q

Can a graded potential be hyperpolarizing?

A

Yes

74
Q

What happens when depolarizing graded potential reaches threshold?

A

Action potential is produced

75
Q

Where do graded potentials occur?

A

Membrane of sensory cell
Postsynaptic membrane

76
Q

How is depolarization lost with graded potentials?

A

Leaky membrane

77
Q

What is the nature of voltage changes on graded potentials?

A

Decremental

78
Q

How long do graded potentials last?

A

1-2 mm

79
Q

What are the two major functions of graded potentials?

A

Communication by interneurons
Triggering and processing of Action Potentials

80
Q

What are the three types of Graded potentials?

A

Generator potentials
Pacemaker Potentials
Postsynaptic membrane potentials

81
Q

What is a generator potential?

A

Graded potential, Sensory cells respond to specific stimuli, also called receptor potential can trigger an action potential

82
Q

What is a pacemaker potential?

A

Graded potential in Specialized heart muscle cells have leaky ion channels, can induce a action potential, responsible for automatic contraction of heart muscle

83
Q

What is a postsynaptic membrane potential?

A

graded potential that develops in postsynaptic membrane, can trigger action potentials

84
Q

How is diversity gained in voltage-gated channels?

A

Alternative splicing, phosphorylation, different subunit types

85
Q

What is the structure of a VGNaC?

A

Voltage sensor- positive AA are regularly space along coils of helix

86
Q

How does a VGNaC open?

A

Depolarization twists protein by electric repulsion, conformational change causes gate to open

87
Q

What voltage do VGNaC open at?

A

-40mV

88
Q

What are the two gates on a VGNaC?

A

Activation gate and inactivation gate

89
Q

What is the inactivation gate of a VGNaC?

A

Closes spontaneously shortly after opening of activation gate

90
Q

When does the inactivation gate of a VGNaC open?

A

When membrane has returned to resting state

91
Q

What ion channel is open during depolarization of an action potential?

A

Na+ in

92
Q

What ion channel is open during repolarization of an action potential?

A

K+ out

93
Q

What does the Nernst Equation calculate?

A

Equilibrium potential

94
Q

What is the Hodgkin cycle?

A

Positive feedback of Na+ concentrations

95
Q

What produces negative feedback in an action potential?

A

K+

96
Q

When does VGNaC open?

A

When at threshold

97
Q

What is overshoot of an action potential?

A

Approaches equilibrium of NA (62mV)

98
Q

What happens during the rising phase of an action potential?

A

Na+ flows in

99
Q

What happens during the falling phase of an action potential?

A

VCNaC inactivates, VGKC opens

100
Q

What happens during undershoot of an action potential?

A

Approaches K equilibrium

101
Q

What happens after an action potential when it returns to resting?

A

VGKC inactivate

102
Q

What is the threshold voltage?

A

-55mV

103
Q

What is the range of action potential depolarization?

A

-70mV to 30mV

104
Q

When does VGNaC gates close after an action potential?

A

During repolarization

105
Q

What are the two phases of refractory period?

A

Absolute refractory period
Relative refractory period

106
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

No stimulus of any strength can produce an action potential because of inactivated VGNaC

107
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

Strong stimulus can produce another action potential, but with smaller amplitude
Na+ activated but K+ still open

108
Q

What is accommodation?

A

excitability of membrane decreases with time

109
Q

What is fast accomodation?

A

Membrane excitability decreases quickly
Phasic response

110
Q

What is a phasic response?

A

Fast accommodation

111
Q

What is slow accommodation?

A

Membrane excitability decreases slowly
Tonic response

112
Q

What is a tonic response?

A

Slow accommodation

113
Q

What can result in a shorter relative refractory period?

A

High density of VGNaC

114
Q

Is there a refractory period in graded potentials?

A

No

115
Q

What type of potentials can be summed?

A

Graded, not action

Physiology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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