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Physiology Exam 1 > Intro to Physiology > Flashcards

Intro to Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A

Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
Result

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2
Q

What are the 6 levels of organization?

A

Organism
Organ System
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Chemical/Molecular

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3
Q

What are the 3 main chemicals in our body?

A

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon

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4
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Covalently bonded compounds containing C, H, O

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5
Q

What are the 4 main types of compounds in the body?

A

Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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6
Q

What is the order of composition of water, proteins, lipids, and carbs in the body?

A

Water- 67%
Proteins- 20%
Lipids- 10%
Carbs- 3%

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7
Q

How many systems does the human body have?

A

11

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8
Q

What is the definition of an organ system?

A

Perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity

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9
Q

What is a conformer organism?

A

An organism that does not perform homeostasis

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10
Q

What is a regulator organism?

A

An organism that performs homeostasis

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11
Q

What are the two components of ATP?

A

Adenosine Group
Triphosphate group

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12
Q

What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

A

ATP - triphosphate
ADP- disphosphate

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13
Q

How much energy is contained by ATP?

A

7.3 kcal mol-1

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14
Q

What is important about energy metabolism?

A

Multi-step process and bi-directional

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15
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

In the cytososl

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16
Q

Where does respiration occur?

A

The mitochondria

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17
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

coupling of transport of H+ across membrane to ATP synthesis

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18
Q

Where does chemiosmosis occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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19
Q

What are the main steps of glycolysis?

A

5/6 C sugars to 3 C sugars
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric Acid cycle
Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation

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20
Q

How many pyruvate does each molecule og glucose produce?

A

2

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21
Q

How many ATP molecules does Glucose produce?

A

38

22
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in each step of glycolysis?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation- 2
Krebs cycle- 2
Oxidative phosphorylation- 34

23
Q

What drives diffusion?

A

Random motion

24
Q

What is the Fick Diffusion Equation?

A

Defines the rate of diffusion of a solute

25
Q

What is the Ds in the Fick Equation?

A

Diffusion coefficient of s
Depends on chemical properties, molecular weight of s

26
Q

What is the A in the Fick Equation?

A

The cross-sectional area through which s diffuses

27
Q

What is cDs in the Fick Equation?

A

Change in concentration

28
Q

What is dx in the Fick Equation?

A

distance

29
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Stops osmosis because it is equal to osmotic pressure

30
Q

What is osmotic equilibrium?

A

Osmotic pressure= hydrostatic pressure

31
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Pressure applied to a solution to prevent inward flow of water across semipermeable membrane

32
Q

What determines osmotic pressure?

A

Number of solutes per volume

33
Q

What concentration of solutes have a high osmotic pressure?

A

High solutes/volume

34
Q

What is Dm in the permeability constant?

A

diffusion coefficient

35
Q

What is K in the permeability constant?

A

Partition coefficient of s
Conc(s) lipid/ Conc(s) in water

36
Q

What is X in the permeability constant?

A

Thickness of membrane

37
Q

How can permeability be modified?

A

Compounds can react with receptor sites is membrane

38
Q

What direction does water move in regards to osmotic pressure?

A

Water moves from low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure

39
Q

What are the two types of passive transport?

A

Down electrochemical gradient
Carrier-mediated

40
Q

How does carrier mediated transport work?

A

Chemical binds with protein that changes its shape to allow it to pass through membrane

41
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

Transport requiring ATP

42
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Transport against electrochemical gradient, moves in with an ion moving down gradient

43
Q

What is an aquaporin?

A

Water channel

44
Q

Is diffusion or aquaporins faster?

A

Aquaporins

45
Q

How do aquaporins work?

A

Water attracted to charge of protein, moves quickly into cell

46
Q

What is standing-gradient hypothesis?

A

Solute coupled water transport
Active solute transport is followed by water through osmosis

47
Q

In muscle cells, is the concentration of Na+ higher in or out of the cell?

A

Out

48
Q

In muscle cells, is the concentration of K+ higher in or out of the cell?

A

In

49
Q

In muscle cells, is the concentration of Ca2+ higher in or out of the cell?

A

Out

50
Q

In muscle cells, is the concentration of Cl- higher in or out of the cell?

A

Out

Physiology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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