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MCAT PSYCH/SOCI/BIO FDTs > SENSORY PERCEPTION > Flashcards

SENSORY PERCEPTION Flashcards

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1
Q

what do visual cues allow us to do as humans?

A

perceptually organize by taking into account DEPTH, FORM, MOTION & CONSTANCY

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2
Q

what do two eyes allow humans to do?

A

receive visual cues from their environment by binocular cues

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3
Q

receiving visual cues from the environment by binocular cues gives human a sense of

A

depth

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4
Q

human eyes being ~2.5 inches apart allowing humans to get slightly different views of objects of the world around gives

A

retinal disparity

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5
Q

convergence gives human an idea of depth based on what?

A

convergence gives humans an idea of depth based on how much their eyeballs turn

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6
Q

describe the muscles of the eyes when things are far away or closer

A

when things are far away, muscle relaxed. when things are closer, muscles contract

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7
Q

what do we call the cues humans receive in which they do not need two eyes for?

A

monocular cues

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8
Q

monocular cues give humans a sense of

A

form

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9
Q

differentiate what sense binocular and monocular cues provide

A

binocular - depth
monocular - form, motion, constancy

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10
Q

describe relative size in terms of the sense of form

A

can be inferred with one eye. The closer an object isdescr, the bigger it looks

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11
Q

describe interposition/overlap

A

the perception that one object is in front of another and that the one in front is closer

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12
Q

describe relative height

A

things higher are perceived to be farther away than things lower

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13
Q

describe the concept of shading and contour

A

using light and shadows to perceive form. depth(contour), crater(mountain)

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14
Q

what is motion parallax?

A

things farther away move slower, things closer move faster

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15
Q

what is the monocular cue of constancy?

A

our perception of an object does not change even if the image cast on the retina is different.

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16
Q

what are the 3 different types of constancy?

A

size, shape and color

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17
Q

size constancy

A

object that appears larger because it is closer, we still think it’s the same size

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18
Q

shape constancy

A

a changing shape still maintains the same shape perception

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19
Q

color constancy

A

despite changes in lighting which change the image color falling on our retina, we understand that the object is the same color

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20
Q

what does the principle of sensory adaptation explain>

A

our senses are adaptable and they can change their sensitivity to stimuli

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21
Q

does the inner ear muscle contract or relax in response to high noise?

A

contracts to dampen vibration in inner ear and protect eardrums

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22
Q

with the sense of touch, how are temperature receptors affected over time?

A

they’re desensitized over time

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23
Q

with the sense of smell, how are receptors to molecule sensory information affected over time?

A

they’re desensitized over time

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24
Q

what is proprioception?

A

sense of position of the body in space, sense of balance/where you are in space.

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25
Q

differentiate down and up regulation in terms of sense of sight

A

in down regulation(light adaptation), pupils constrict in response to light desensitizing rods and cones. In up regulation(dark adaptation), pupils dilate as rods and cones start synthesizing light sensitive molecules.

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26
Q

what is Weber’s law?

A

JND(^I) / I (initial intensity) = k(constant)

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27
Q

the threshold at which you are able to notice a change in any sensation is called

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

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28
Q

what does the weber’s law predict?

A

linear relationship between incremental threshold and background intensity

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29
Q

how do you measure the JND (difference threshold)

A

I x k

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30
Q

what is absolute threshold of sensation?

A

it is the minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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31
Q

what factors affect the absolute threshold?

A

various physiological states like expectations, experience, motivation, alertness.

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32
Q

the stimuli below the absolute threshold of sensation is known as

A

subliminal stimuli

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33
Q

what are the types of somatosensation?

A

temperature-thermoception
pressure-mechanoception
position-proprioception
pain-nociception

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34
Q

describe somatosensation intensity

A

how quickly neurons fire for us to notice. Slow-firing: low intensity, fast-firing: high intensity

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35
Q

what are the 3 ways neurons encode for timing?

A

fast-adapting, slow-adapting and non-adapting

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36
Q

describe non-adapting neuron encoding

A

neuron fires at a constant rate

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37
Q

describe slow-adapting neuron encoding

A

neurons fire at the beginning of stimulus then calm down after a while

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38
Q

describe fast-adapting neuron encoding

A

neurons fire as soon as stimulus starts then stops firing, and starts again when stimulus stops

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39
Q

location-specific stimuli by nerves are sent to the brain and rely on

A

dermatomes

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40
Q

the vestibular system relates to

A

balance and spatial orientation coming from both inner ear and limbs

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41
Q

what part of the inner ear supports the vestibular system?

A

the semicircular canals; posterior, lateral and anterior

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42
Q

what is the semicircular canal filled with that allows us to detect what direction our head is moving in?

A

endolymph

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43
Q

what the otolithic organs?

A

utricle and saccule

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44
Q

what is the use of the otolithic organs?

A

help us in detecting linear acceleration and head positioning

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45
Q

what substance does the utricle and saccule contain?

A

calcium carbonate (CaCo3) crystals attached to hair cells in viscous gel

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46
Q

which organs contribute to vertigo?

A

the otolithic organs

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47
Q

explain how dizziness comes about?

A

the endolymph which is responsible for our head direction does not stop spinning at the same as our head so it keeps indicating to our brain we’re still moving even if we’ve stopped

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48
Q

which system is responsible for balance and spatial orientation?

A

vestibular system

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49
Q

what does the signal detection theory aim?

A

looks at how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty discerning between important stimuli and unimportant noise

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50
Q

describe the option in signal detection theory

A

hit: affirmative action to present signal
miss: no action to present signal
false alarm: perceived signal when no signal was present
correct rejection: correct negative answer for no signal

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51
Q

hit>miss when

A

there is a strong signal

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52
Q

miss>hit when

A

there’s a weak signal

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53
Q

d’ stands for and c stands for in signal detection theory

A

d’: strenght
c: strategy

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54
Q

what is conservative strategy?

A

always say no when not 100% sure signal is presnt

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55
Q

what is liberal strategy?

A

always say yes even if there might be false alarms

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56
Q

bottom-up processing

A

begins with stimulus, stimulus influences what we perceive

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57
Q

top-down processing

A

uses background knowledge to influence perception

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58
Q

which processing method uses inductive reasoning, is data-driven, and is always correct

A

bottom-up processing

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59
Q

which processing method uses deductive reasoning, theory-driven and is not always correct?

A

top-down

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60
Q

What does Gestalt Principles tries to explain?

A

how we perceive things the way we do

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61
Q

similarity

A

items similar to each other are grouped together by the brain

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62
Q

pragnanz

A

realized organized reduced to the simplest form possible

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63
Q

proximity

A

objects that are close to each other are naturally grouped together rather than things that are farther apart

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64
Q

continuity

A

lines are seen as following the smoothest part

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65
Q

closure

A

objects grouped together are seen as a whole

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66
Q

symmetry

A

the mind perceives objects as being symmetrical and forming around a center point

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67
Q

what is the law of past experiences?

A

under some circumstances, visual stimuli are categorized according to past experiences.

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68
Q

what is the first part of the eye that light hits?

A

the cornea

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69
Q

the thing layer of cells that line the inside of the eyelids are called

A

conjunctiva

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70
Q

this is a space in the eye filled with aqueous humor that helps maintain the shape of eyeballs by allowing mineral and nutrient supply

A

anterior chamber

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71
Q

this part of the eye is the opening in the middle of the iris and modulates the amount of light able to enter the eyeball

A

pupil

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72
Q

this muscle gives the color of the eyes and contracts or relaxes to change the size of the ppil

A

iris

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73
Q

the suspensory ligaments are attached to what

A

ciliary muscle

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74
Q

these two parts of the eyes are responsible for secreting aqueous humor

A

ciliary body (ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments)

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75
Q

area behind the iris filled with aqueous humor

A

posterior chamber

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76
Q

what is vitreous humor?

A

jelly-like substance in the vitreous chamber that provides pressure to the eyeballs and supply nutrients to inside the eyeball

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77
Q

the inside of the eyes filled with photoreceptors where ray of light is converted from physical waveform to electrochemical impulse that the brain can accept is called

A

the retina

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78
Q

a special part of the retina rich in cones and rods is

A

macula

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79
Q

a special part of the macula rich only in cones is the

A

fovea

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80
Q

what are cones in the eye

A

substance that detects color and discern high level of detail in what one is observing

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81
Q

how do rods help the eye?

A

they detect light

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82
Q

this is a pigmented black network of blood vessels that help nourish the retina

A

choroid

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83
Q

what gives some animals better night vision?

A

differently pigmented choroids

84
Q

the fibrous tissue that covers 5/6th of the eyeball and is an attachment point for muscles is called

A

the sclera

85
Q

what is transmission:

A

the electrical activation of one neuron by another neuron

86
Q

what is perception?

A

conscious sensory experience of neural processing

87
Q

the neural transformation of multiple neural signals into a perception is

A

processing

88
Q

this occurs whenever energy is converted from one form to another, namely light to electrical by cones and rods

A

transduction

89
Q

in sensation, a neural impulse requires

A

physical impulse

90
Q

in the eye, light is converted to neural impulse by

A

a photoreceptor in the retina

91
Q

what is light?

A

light is an electromagnetic wave

92
Q

what is the range of visible light found in the middle of the EM spectrum?

A

violet (400nm) to red (700nm)

93
Q

how many rods does the eye have for night vision?

A

120 million

94
Q

what happens when light hit the standardly turned on rod?

A

the rod goes off, turning on a bipolar cell which turns on a retinal ganglion cell which goes into the optic nerve and enters the brain

95
Q

how many cones does the eye have?

A

6-7 million cones

96
Q

what are the types of cones?

A

red, green and blue

97
Q

describe the phototransduction cascade

A

light hits the rod/cone, cone/rod goes off, bipolar cell goes on, retinal ganglion cell goes on, enters optic nerve, then enters brain

98
Q

what is the phototransduction cascade?

A

it is the process of the rods/cones turning from on to off

99
Q

the axons of the ganglion cells bond together into a long strand called

A

the optic nerve

100
Q

what is the trichromatic theory of color?

A

it states that there are 3 colored cones in our eyes (red, green and blue) that combine to make all the colors we can see

101
Q

what is the opponent process theory of color vision?

A

these theory states that we have 4 colors; red, green, blue and yellow, where red and green oppose each other while blue and yellow oppose each other, and between the 2 opponents, only 1 can dominate at a time

102
Q

what do rods contain that are stacked on top of each other?

A

optic disks

103
Q

what type of protein is contained on optic disks in rods?

A

Rhodopsin, multimeric protein with 7 disks containing a small molecule called 11-cis retinal.

104
Q

what happens when light reaches the rods and hit the rhodopsin?

A

it causes retinal in rhodopsin to switch from bent (cis) to straight (trans) form

105
Q

what marks the beginning of the phototransduction cascade?

A

when retinal in rhodopsin changes shape causing rhodopsin to change shape

106
Q

rhodopsin is to rods as __ is to cones

A

photopsin

107
Q

there’s a molecule with 3 different parts, namely alpha, beta and gamma attached to rhodopsin. what is it called?

A

transducin

108
Q

what happens to attached transducin when rhodopsin changes shape?

A

it breaks free from rhodopsin and its alpha subunit binds to another disk protein called phosphodiesterase (PDE)

109
Q

what substance converts cGMP to GMP?

A

PDE

110
Q

describe the concentrations of cGMP and GMP in response to light?

A

cGMP reduces while GMP increases

111
Q

how are the variants of bipolar cells affected by light after the rods go off?

A

on center activates and off center inactivates

112
Q

what happens as the on center of the bipolar cells activate?

A

the on center of retinal ganglion cells activate as well sending signal to optic nerve to the brain

113
Q

photopic vision occurs at

A

high light levels

114
Q

mesonic vision occurs at

A

dawn or dusk

115
Q

scotopic vision occurs at

A

very low light

116
Q

what is a photoreceptor?

A

a specialized nerve that can take light and convert it to neural impulse

117
Q

which are more sensitive between rods and cones?

A

rods are 100x more sensitive

118
Q

what’s the difference between rods and cones?

A

rods are specialized in detecting light, cones are specialized in colors
rods have slow recovery time, cones have fast recovery time
rods are found mostly in the periphery and cones in the fovea

119
Q

where the optic nerve connects to the retina and no rods/cones are present is called the

A

blind spot

120
Q

explain visual feel processing

A

ray of light from the left field hits the nasal side of the left eye but the temporal side of the right eye while ray of light in the right field hits the nasal side of the right eye but the temporal side of the left eye

121
Q

what structure is responsible for color and form?

A

cones

122
Q

what structure is responsible for motion?

A

rods

123
Q

describe the parvocellular pathway

A

high spatial resolution (form) and color but low temporal resolution (motion)

124
Q

describe the magnocellular pathway

A

high temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution

125
Q

what is parallel processing?

A

detecting all forms of an object at the same time (color, form, motion)

126
Q

what do we need to hear?

A
  • pressurized sound wave (stimuli)
  • hair cell (receptor)
127
Q

where are our hair cells located?

A

cochlea

128
Q

what are sound waves?

A

areas of low and high pressure

129
Q

what is a wavelength?

A

how close peaks area

130
Q

what is the relationship between wavelength and frequency>

A

smaller wavelength, greater frequency; bigger wavelength, smaller frequency

131
Q

what is the first thing in the ear sound hits?

A

outer part-pinna

132
Q

outline the journey of sound once it hits the pinna

A

pinna - auditory canal (external auditory meatus) - tympatic membrane (eardrum) -

133
Q

what 3 bones vibrate once pressurized waves hit the eardrum?

A

malleus
incus
stapes

134
Q

what are the 3 smallest bones in the body?

A

ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

135
Q

stapes is attached to the

A

oval (elliptical) window

136
Q

what is the membrane in the middle of the cochlea called?

A

organ of corti (basilar and tectorial membrane)

137
Q

cilia

A

hair cells

138
Q

what happens as the hair cells move back and fort in the cochlea?

A

electric impulse is transported by auditory nerve to the brain

139
Q

what is place theory?

A

it states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane

140
Q

3 general classifications of the ear

A

outer
middle
inner

141
Q

outer ear

A

pinna to tympanic membrane

142
Q

middle ear

A

malleus to stapes

143
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea and semicircular canals

144
Q

at the cochlea upper membrane, hair cells are called

A

hair bundle

145
Q

each filament of a hair bundle in the at the cochlea upper membrane is called

A

kinocilium

146
Q

the tips of each kinocilium are connected by

A

tip links attached to a K channel gate

147
Q

what substance gets activated as K enters

A

Ca which activates spiral ganglion cell which activates the auditory nerve

148
Q

we can hear frequencies between

A

20 - 20000 Hz

149
Q

high frequency sounds activate hair cells at the

A

base (start of cochlea)

150
Q

low frequency sounds activate hair cells at the

A

apex (end of cochlea)

151
Q

the frequency of sound is mapped to a particular part of the brain called

A

primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

152
Q

basilar tuning

A

system used by brain to distinguish different sound frequencies

153
Q

what is the treatment for people with sensorineural narrow hearing loss )nerve deafness)?

A

cochlear implants

154
Q

sensory adaptation?

A

change over time of receptor to a constant stimulus. down regulation

155
Q

amplification is

A

up regulation

156
Q

somatosensory homunculus

A

topological map of one’s entire body in the cortex (brain)

157
Q

somatosensory homunculus information all come to the

A

sensory strip

158
Q

the part of the cortex that contains the homunculus is

A

sensory cortex

159
Q

proprioception

A

sense of balance (cognitive)

160
Q

kinesthesia

A

sense of movement (behavioral)

161
Q

ability to sense pain

A

nociception

162
Q

ability to sense temp

A

thermoception

163
Q

in order for us to sense temperature, we rely on

A

TrypV1 receptor

164
Q

what are the 3 types of nerve fibers?

A

A-beta
A-delta
C

165
Q

A-beta

A

fast, thick, covered in myelin

166
Q

C

A

small, unmyelinated

166
Q

A-delta

A

medium, less myelin

167
Q

gate control theory of olfaction

A

non-painful inputs close the gate to painful inputs

168
Q

affective

A

experience of emotions

169
Q

gustation

A

taste

170
Q

olfaction

A

smell

171
Q

pheromone

A

chemical signal released by one member of a specie and sensed by another species to trigger an innate response

172
Q

describe pheromone in animals

A

specialized part of their olfactory epithelium. accessory olfactory epithelium sends signal to accessory olfactory bulb which then sends signal to brain

173
Q

within accessory olfactory epithelium is a structure called

A

vomeronasal system

174
Q

the vomeronasal system has what 2 types of cells?

A

basal cells
apical cells

175
Q

describe the mechanism once molecule comes in and activates basal/apical cells

A

basal cells send axon through olfactory bulb to glomerulus then mitral/tufted cell and eventually to the amygdala.

176
Q

amygdala (temporal lobe) is involved with

A

emotions, aggression, mating, memory, decision-making

177
Q

why do human rely very little on pheromones compared to animals?

A

we have vomeronasal organ but no accessory olfactory bulb

178
Q

what separated the olfactory epithelium from the brain

A

cribriform plate

179
Q

above the cribriform plate is the

A

olfactory bulb

180
Q

this is a designation point for various sensory olfactory cells that are sensitive to the same molecule

A

glomerulus

181
Q

ipsilateral senses

A

smell
taste

182
Q

contralateral senses

A

vision
hearing
touch

183
Q

label-line theory of olfaction

A

each receptor responds to a specific stimuli and is directly linked to the brain

184
Q

vibrational theory

A

the vibrational frequency of a molecule gives that molecule its odor profile

185
Q

steric/shape theory

A

odors fits into receptors similar to a lock-and-key

186
Q

anosmia

A

inability to perceive odor

187
Q

describe the pathway of olfaction

A

olfactory bulb to amygdala and piriform cortex then to orbitofrontal cortex

188
Q

the 5 main tastes

A

sweet
bitter
salty
sour
umami (taste glutamate)

189
Q

the gustatory system consists of taste receptors found in

A

taste buds on the tongue

190
Q

taste buds are contained in structures called the

A

papillae

191
Q

name the 3 kinds of taste buds

A

fungiform (anterior)
foliate (side)
circumvallate (back)

192
Q

how many receptor cells are in each taste bud that can detect each taste?

A

5

193
Q

fungiform papillae

A

mushroom-shaped structures located on tips and sides of the tongue

194
Q

foliate papillae

A

folded structures at back of the tongue on both sides

195
Q

circumvallate papillae

A

flat mound structures at back of tongue

196
Q

filiform papillae

A

do not contain taste buds but are found all over the tongue

197
Q

the center of the tongue contains only what kind of papillae/

A

filiform

198
Q

tastant

A

substance that stimulates the sense of taste

199
Q

gustducin

A

protein associated with sense of taste

200
Q

the font 2/3 of the tongue carries signals via

A

7th cranial nerve via the chords tympani

201
Q

the posterior 1/3 of the tongue carries signals via the

A

9th and 10th cranial nerves (glossopharyngeal and vagus)

202
Q

sweet, umami and bitter cells rely on

A

GPCR receptors

203
Q

sour and salty cells rely on

A

ion channels

204
Q

where is the first place of integration for taste/smell?

A

oribofrontal cortex

MCAT PSYCH/SOCI/BIO FDTs (4 decks)

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