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Neuroanatomy > Sensory Pathway: Pain and Temperature > Flashcards

Sensory Pathway: Pain and Temperature Flashcards

1
Q

what does the nissl stain highlight?

A

cell body / gray matter

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2
Q

what does the myelin stain highlight?

A

myelin (white matter) - where the axons are

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3
Q

respond to cool or warm temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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4
Q

respond to noxious (painful) stimuli

A

nociceptors

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5
Q

nociceptors associated with crushing pressure, cutting (ex: dropping something on your toe, paper)

A

mechanical nociceptors

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6
Q

nociceptors responsible for noxious cold or heat

A

thermal nociceptors

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7
Q

nociceptors responsible for ATP, bradykinin, prostaglandin, histamine; chemicals released because of tissue damage

A

chemical nociceptors

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8
Q

fibers that respond to mechanical (only), thermal (only) and mechanical and thermal stimuli

A

a-delta fibers

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9
Q

respond to mechanical, thermal and chemical nociceptors (polymodal nociceptors)

A

C-fibers

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10
Q

lightly myelinated axons that transmit sharp and localized nociceptive (pain) information (1st pain)

A

A-delta fibers

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11
Q

unmyelinated axons that transmit poorly localized dull aching nociceptive pain information (2nd pain); carry crude, non-noxious/non-discriminative tactile sensations

A

C-fibers

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12
Q

activation of nociceptors can lead to:

A

conscious perception of pain, attention to pain, behavioral changes to avoid painful stimulus, withdrawal reflex, emotional impact of the pain (suffering)

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13
Q

receptors that can respond to temperature and painful stimuli

A

free nerve endings

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14
Q

this part of the neuronal chain involves A-delta or C fibers with free nerve endings in the skin taking information from the periphery to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

A

first order neuron (primary afferent fiber)

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15
Q

where is the soma of the first order neuron (spinothalamic tracts) located?

A

dorsal root ganglion outside of the spinal cord

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16
Q

the axon of this neuron crosses midline to the contralateral (opposite) side of the SC and ascends to the thalamus

A

second order neuron

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17
Q

the axon of this neuron ascends to the cerebral cortex from the thalamus ipsilaterally

A

third order neuron

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18
Q

pain, temperature and crude sensations are carried in this system

A

anterolateral system

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19
Q

location of the anterolateral system

A

anterolateral aspect of the brainstem tegmentum and spinal cord

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20
Q

which part of the ALS carries pain

A

lateral part

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21
Q

which part of the ALS carries crude touch

A

anterior part

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22
Q

two spinothalamic tracts

A

neospinothalamic tract & paleospinothalamic tract

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23
Q

where does the spinothalamic tract begin/end

A

begin: spinal cord / ends: thalamus

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24
Q

what kind of information (specific fiber) is the neospinothalamic tract carrying & where is it taking the information

A

A-delta nociceptive information to the primary somatosensory cortex

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25
Q

what kind of pain is the neospinothalamic tract carrying / what does the cortical area allow for once the information arrives

A

carries sharp localized pain (1st) / S1 allows for conscious awareness of the location, nature and intensity of the painful stimulus

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26
Q

what kind of information (specific fiber) is the paleospinothalamic tract carrying & where is it taking the information

A

C-fiber nociceptive information / several cortical areas (secondary somatosensory cortex, anterior cingulate, insula

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27
Q

what kind of pain is the paleospinothalamic tract carrying

A

dull, aching and poorly localized pain information

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28
Q

which fibers are responsible for innocuous temperature information?

A

A-delta and C-fibers

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29
Q

which fibers are responsible for crude/non-discriminatory sensory information?

A

C-fibers

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30
Q

which fibers are responsible for itch?

A

C-fibers

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31
Q

can ascend/descend one to three spinal cord segments

A

primary afferent fibers (lissauer’s tract)

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32
Q

major synaptic site for A-delta and C fibers

A

substantia gelatinosa (gray matter)

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33
Q

formed by the axons of the C and A-delta fibers that branch into ascending and descending collaterals (can ascend/descend 1 - 3 SC segments); terminate in dorsal horn

A

Lissauer’s tract

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34
Q

what lamina is the substantia gelatinosa?

A

lamina II

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35
Q

axons can ascend/descend 1-3 spinal cord segments in the SC in this

A

Lissauer’s tract

36
Q

location of the SON of the neospinothalamic tract

A

lamina’s 1 and 5

37
Q

where do the axons of the SON (neospinothalamic tract) cross to

A

the anterolateral aspect of the spinal cord contra laterally, cross midline via the anterior white commissure

38
Q

where is the cell body of the C-fiber FON located?

A

DRG

39
Q

where does the C-fiber FON synapse?

A

lamina 2

40
Q

where is the cell body of the SON of the paleospinothalamic tract located?

A

Lamina 6-8

41
Q

where does the SON of the paleospinothalamic tract ascend to?

A

ILN (intralaminar nuclei)

42
Q

the axon of the TON passes through this to get to the cortex

A

internal capsule of the posterior limb

43
Q

from the ILN, where does the axon of the TON of the paleospinothalamic tract ascend to?

A

secondary somatosensory cortex, anterior cingulate, ínsula

44
Q

where is the primary somatosensory located / what lobe

A

postcentral gyrus / parietal lobe

45
Q

allows for the conscious awareness of the nature and location of the painful stimulus

A

postcentral gyrus

46
Q

does not contain as much specificity for identifying the nature and location of painful stimulus; has somatotopic organization - C-fiber pain info travels here

A

secondary somatosensory cortex

47
Q

has a general somatotopic organization of the body; associated with the emotional component of pain, associated with subjective aspects of pain as well through connections with the limbic system

A

insula

48
Q

involved in suffering and emotional aspects of pain

A

anterior cingulate

49
Q

various chemical, pro-inflammatory elements released into a local area after injury (initial stimulus + chemicals = activation of nociceptive afferents)

A

peripheral sensitization

50
Q

reduces the activation threshold of nociceptive afferents and increases neuronal response to nociceptive and non-nociceptive stimuli (ex: lightly touching/touching a sunburn, wearing shoes with a blister)

A

local inflammatory response to tissue injury

51
Q

what happens with prolonged exposure to pro-inflammatory elements?

A

lower activation threshold of nociceptive afferents, increase in firing response

52
Q

increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the CNS to normal or sub threshold afferent input

A

central sensitization

53
Q

what is the response to nociceptive input (normal) in terms of perception in central sensitization?

A

brief pain proportionate to nociceptor input

54
Q

what is the response to light touch input in terms of perception in (normal) central sensitization?

A

touch

55
Q

in central sensitization, what is the response to nociceptive input after injury?

A

increased pain

56
Q

in central sensitization, what is the response to light touch in terms of perception after injury? what is an example?

A

increased pain // being slapped in an area that is sunburnt, being poke by an object when being examined for strep

57
Q

in neuropathic chronic pain, what is the response to no nociceptive input?

A

persistent pain

58
Q

in neuropathic chronic pain, what is the response to no touch input?

A

persistent pain

59
Q

hemi-section of the spinal cord (half)

A

Brown-Sequard Syndrome (lesion)

60
Q

in the spinoreticular formation, what fibers are present in entering the SC and what do they represent?

A

A-delta and C-fiber / pain and temperature

61
Q

in the spinoreticular formation, where is the soma of the SON? why?

A

lamina 1, 5 & 6-8 because A delta (SON is in L 1,5) and C-fiber (SON is in L 6-8)

62
Q

when do the axons of the SON become the spinoreticular fibers?

A

when they (axons of SON) ascend to the brainstem reticular formation

63
Q

what regions do the axons of the reticular formation (TON?) pass to?

A

thalamus (ILN), thalamus (DM: dorsomedial thalamic nucleus), amygdala and hypothalamus

64
Q

which thalamus in the spinoreticular tract has a 4th neuron? (second one alphabetically) where does it go?

A

thalamus (intralaminar nucleus) and it projects into the anterior cingulate and insula

65
Q

what are the ACC and insula associated with?

A

emotional components of pain and suffering associated with pain

66
Q

which thalamus in the spinoreticular tract has a 4th neuron? (first alphabetically) where does it go?

A

thalamus (dorsomedial thalamic nucleus) and it goes to the front lobe

67
Q

what does the prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe) allow for?

A

heightened attention to painful stimulus, attention concentration

68
Q

associated with a person’s emotional response to painful stimulus, emotional memory - importance in avoidance behavior

A

amygdala

69
Q

this region receives bilateral nociceptive information directly from spinal cord (SON) - can also receive info from reticular formation

A

hypothalamus

70
Q

drives the autonomic nervous system

A

hypothalamus

71
Q

involved in the regulation of autonomic outflow in response to painful stimulus, fibers terminate in lateral horn of spinal cord

A

hypothalamospinal fibers

72
Q

axons go up to hypothalamus to control ANS (function in controlling neurons responsible for sweating, vasodilation), can cross contralaterally/ remain ipsalteral @ supraoptic decussation

A

spinohypothalamic fibers

73
Q

rostral portion of midbrain where spinohypothalamic fibers cross

A

supraoptic decussation

74
Q

another name for spinomesencephalic tract

A

spinotectal tract

75
Q

where does the spinomesencephalic tract fibers synapse?

A

periaqueductal gray

76
Q

how to activate the descending pain suppression pathway

A

input into periaqueductal gray from hypothalamus, amygdala and other cortical areas

77
Q

inhibitory neurons of the descending pain suppression pathway

A

enkephalin-containing inhibitory interneuron & GABAergic inhibitory interneuron

78
Q

inhibits the descending pain suppression pathway?(tonically suppressed)

A

GABAergic inhibitory neuron because it is tonically active so it does not need input to fire

79
Q

inhibits the release of GABA from tonically-active GABA-ergic interneurons

A

excitation of enkephalin-containing inhibitory interneurons

80
Q

tonically inhibited by GABA, GABA suppressing pain pathway

A

DSPS

81
Q

releases neurotransmitters to bind to GABA = decrease the release of GABA neurotransmitters suppressing pain pathway

A

excitation of enkephalin

82
Q

activation of the DSPS

A

enkephalin binding to GABA to decrease the neurotransmitters of the next neuron suppressing the pain pathway

83
Q

what is disinhibition in the pain pathway?

A

not firing the GABA interneurons which are keeping the DSPS from being activated = pathway is activated

84
Q

what is inhibition in the pain pathway?

A

firing the GABA interneurons that are responsible from suppressing the pain pathway keeping it inactive

85
Q

name of the axon in raphe nucleus/ what does it produce?

A

serotoneurgic neurons / releases serotonin

86
Q

inhibits the spinothalamic tract neurons from being released

A

release of serotonin in SC

87
Q

activates the serotonergic neurons

A

PAG neurons projecting into the SC releasing neurotransmitters

Neuroanatomy (4 decks)

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