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Neuroanatomy > Sensory Pathway: Pain and Temperature > Flashcards

Sensory Pathway: Pain and Temperature Flashcards

1
Q

what does the nissl stain highlight?

A

cell body / gray matter

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2
Q

what does the myelin stain highlight?

A

myelin (white matter) - where the axons are

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3
Q

respond to cool or warm temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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4
Q

respond to noxious (painful) stimuli

A

nociceptors

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5
Q

nociceptors associated with crushing pressure, cutting (ex: dropping something on your toe, paper)

A

mechanical nociceptors

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6
Q

nociceptors responsible for noxious cold or heat

A

thermal nociceptors

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7
Q

nociceptors responsible for ATP, bradykinin, prostaglandin, histamine; chemicals released because of tissue damage

A

chemical nociceptors

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8
Q

fibers that respond to mechanical (only), thermal (only) and mechanical and thermal stimuli

A

a-delta fibers

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9
Q

respond to mechanical, thermal and chemical nociceptors (polymodal nociceptors)

A

C-fibers

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10
Q

lightly myelinated axons that transmit sharp and localized nociceptive (pain) information (1st pain)

A

A-delta fibers

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11
Q

unmyelinated axons that transmit poorly localized dull aching nociceptive pain information (2nd pain); carry crude, non-noxious/non-discriminative tactile sensations

A

C-fibers

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12
Q

activation of nociceptors can lead to:

A

conscious perception of pain, attention to pain, behavioral changes to avoid painful stimulus, withdrawal reflex, emotional impact of the pain (suffering)

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13
Q

receptors that can respond to temperature and painful stimuli

A

free nerve endings

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14
Q

this part of the neuronal chain involves A-delta or C fibers with free nerve endings in the skin taking information from the periphery to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

A

first order neuron (primary afferent fiber)

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15
Q

where is the soma of the first order neuron (spinothalamic tracts) located?

A

dorsal root ganglion outside of the spinal cord

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16
Q

the axon of this neuron crosses midline to the contralateral (opposite) side of the SC and ascends to the thalamus

A

second order neuron

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17
Q

the axon of this neuron ascends to the cerebral cortex from the thalamus ipsilaterally

A

third order neuron

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18
Q

pain, temperature and crude sensations are carried in this system

A

anterolateral system

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19
Q

location of the anterolateral system

A

anterolateral aspect of the brainstem tegmentum and spinal cord

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20
Q

which part of the ALS carries pain

A

lateral part

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21
Q

which part of the ALS carries crude touch

A

anterior part

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22
Q

two spinothalamic tracts

A

neospinothalamic tract & paleospinothalamic tract

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23
Q

where does the spinothalamic tract begin/end

A

begin: spinal cord / ends: thalamus

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24
Q

what kind of information (specific fiber) is the neospinothalamic tract carrying & where is it taking the information

A

A-delta nociceptive information to the primary somatosensory cortex

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25
what kind of pain is the neospinothalamic tract carrying / what does the cortical area allow for once the information arrives
carries sharp localized pain (1st) / S1 allows for conscious awareness of the location, nature and intensity of the painful stimulus
26
what kind of information (specific fiber) is the paleospinothalamic tract carrying & where is it taking the information
C-fiber nociceptive information / several cortical areas (secondary somatosensory cortex, anterior cingulate, insula
27
what kind of pain is the paleospinothalamic tract carrying
dull, aching and poorly localized pain information
28
which fibers are responsible for innocuous temperature information?
A-delta and C-fibers
29
which fibers are responsible for crude/non-discriminatory sensory information?
C-fibers
30
which fibers are responsible for itch?
C-fibers
31
can ascend/descend one to three spinal cord segments
primary afferent fibers (lissauer's tract)
32
major synaptic site for A-delta and C fibers
substantia gelatinosa (gray matter)
33
formed by the axons of the C and A-delta fibers that branch into ascending and descending collaterals (can ascend/descend 1 - 3 SC segments); terminate in dorsal horn
Lissauer's tract
34
what lamina is the substantia gelatinosa?
lamina II
35
axons can ascend/descend 1-3 spinal cord segments in the SC in this
Lissauer's tract
36
location of the SON of the neospinothalamic tract
lamina's 1 and 5
37
where do the axons of the SON (neospinothalamic tract) cross to
the anterolateral aspect of the spinal cord contra laterally, cross midline via the anterior white commissure
38
where is the cell body of the C-fiber FON located?
DRG
39
where does the C-fiber FON synapse?
lamina 2
40
where is the cell body of the SON of the paleospinothalamic tract located?
Lamina 6-8
41
where does the SON of the paleospinothalamic tract ascend to?
ILN (intralaminar nuclei)
42
the axon of the TON passes through this to get to the cortex
internal capsule of the posterior limb
43
from the ILN, where does the axon of the TON of the paleospinothalamic tract ascend to?
secondary somatosensory cortex, anterior cingulate, ínsula
44
where is the primary somatosensory located / what lobe
postcentral gyrus / parietal lobe
45
allows for the conscious awareness of the nature and location of the painful stimulus
postcentral gyrus
46
does not contain as much specificity for identifying the nature and location of painful stimulus; has somatotopic organization - C-fiber pain info travels here
secondary somatosensory cortex
47
has a general somatotopic organization of the body; associated with the emotional component of pain, associated with subjective aspects of pain as well through connections with the limbic system
insula
48
involved in suffering and emotional aspects of pain
anterior cingulate
49
various chemical, pro-inflammatory elements released into a local area after injury (initial stimulus + chemicals = activation of nociceptive afferents)
peripheral sensitization
50
reduces the activation threshold of nociceptive afferents and increases neuronal response to nociceptive and non-nociceptive stimuli (ex: lightly touching/touching a sunburn, wearing shoes with a blister)
local inflammatory response to tissue injury
51
what happens with prolonged exposure to pro-inflammatory elements?
lower activation threshold of nociceptive afferents, increase in firing response
52
increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the CNS to normal or sub threshold afferent input
central sensitization
53
what is the response to nociceptive input (normal) in terms of perception in central sensitization?
brief pain proportionate to nociceptor input
54
what is the response to light touch input in terms of perception in (normal) central sensitization?
touch
55
in central sensitization, what is the response to nociceptive input after injury?
increased pain
56
in central sensitization, what is the response to light touch in terms of perception after injury? what is an example?
increased pain // being slapped in an area that is sunburnt, being poke by an object when being examined for strep
57
in neuropathic chronic pain, what is the response to no nociceptive input?
persistent pain
58
in neuropathic chronic pain, what is the response to no touch input?
persistent pain
59
hemi-section of the spinal cord (half)
Brown-Sequard Syndrome (lesion)
60
in the spinoreticular formation, what fibers are present in entering the SC and what do they represent?
A-delta and C-fiber / pain and temperature
61
in the spinoreticular formation, where is the soma of the SON? why?
lamina 1, 5 & 6-8 because A delta (SON is in L 1,5) and C-fiber (SON is in L 6-8)
62
when do the axons of the SON become the spinoreticular fibers?
when they (axons of SON) ascend to the brainstem reticular formation
63
what regions do the axons of the reticular formation (TON?) pass to?
thalamus (ILN), thalamus (DM: dorsomedial thalamic nucleus), amygdala and hypothalamus
64
which thalamus in the spinoreticular tract has a 4th neuron? (second one alphabetically) where does it go?
thalamus (intralaminar nucleus) and it projects into the anterior cingulate and insula
65
what are the ACC and insula associated with?
emotional components of pain and suffering associated with pain
66
which thalamus in the spinoreticular tract has a 4th neuron? (first alphabetically) where does it go?
thalamus (dorsomedial thalamic nucleus) and it goes to the front lobe
67
what does the prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe) allow for?
heightened attention to painful stimulus, attention concentration
68
associated with a person's emotional response to painful stimulus, emotional memory - importance in avoidance behavior
amygdala
69
this region receives bilateral nociceptive information directly from spinal cord (SON) - can also receive info from reticular formation
hypothalamus
70
drives the autonomic nervous system
hypothalamus
71
involved in the regulation of autonomic outflow in response to painful stimulus, fibers terminate in lateral horn of spinal cord
hypothalamospinal fibers
72
axons go up to hypothalamus to control ANS (function in controlling neurons responsible for sweating, vasodilation), can cross contralaterally/ remain ipsalteral @ supraoptic decussation
spinohypothalamic fibers
73
rostral portion of midbrain where spinohypothalamic fibers cross
supraoptic decussation
74
another name for spinomesencephalic tract
spinotectal tract
75
where does the spinomesencephalic tract fibers synapse?
periaqueductal gray
76
how to activate the descending pain suppression pathway
input into periaqueductal gray from hypothalamus, amygdala and other cortical areas
77
inhibitory neurons of the descending pain suppression pathway
enkephalin-containing inhibitory interneuron & GABAergic inhibitory interneuron
78
inhibits the descending pain suppression pathway?(tonically suppressed)
GABAergic inhibitory neuron because it is tonically active so it does not need input to fire
79
inhibits the release of GABA from tonically-active GABA-ergic interneurons
excitation of enkephalin-containing inhibitory interneurons
80
tonically inhibited by GABA, GABA suppressing pain pathway
DSPS
81
releases neurotransmitters to bind to GABA = decrease the release of GABA neurotransmitters suppressing pain pathway
excitation of enkephalin
82
activation of the DSPS
enkephalin binding to GABA to decrease the neurotransmitters of the next neuron suppressing the pain pathway
83
what is disinhibition in the pain pathway?
not firing the GABA interneurons which are keeping the DSPS from being activated = pathway is activated
84
what is inhibition in the pain pathway?
firing the GABA interneurons that are responsible from suppressing the pain pathway keeping it inactive
85
name of the axon in raphe nucleus/ what does it produce?
serotoneurgic neurons / releases serotonin
86
inhibits the spinothalamic tract neurons from being released
release of serotonin in SC
87
activates the serotonergic neurons
PAG neurons projecting into the SC releasing neurotransmitters

Neuroanatomy (4 decks)

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