Sensory Organs and Nervous Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
What do sensory organs do?
A
Enable you to see, hear, smell, and taste.
2
Q
What are general sense organs?
A
Tactile receptors, the temperature receptors, the pain receptors, and the proprioceptors.
3
Q
What is the peripheral nervous system?
A
Nerves
4
Q
What is dopamine?
A
Neurotransmitter vital for the normal functioning of posture control, physical support, and voluntary movement.
5
Q
What are 2 groups of senses?
A
General
Special
6
Q
What are general sensory receptors?
A
Enable you to feel pressure, pain, touch, vibration, and changes in temperature.
7
Q
What are tactile receptors? Where are they located?
A
Bring you information about pressure, touch, and vibration.
Located throughout the skin, but are more abundant in areas such as the fingertips and the lips.
8
Q
What are temperature receptors? Where are they located?
A
Enable you to sense changes in temperature.
Found throughout the body; they’re concentrated in the lips, mouth, and anus.
9
Q
Where are pain receptors located?
A
Through the skin and within certain internal organs.
10
Q
What are proprioceptors? Where are they located?
A
Enable you to sense the position of various body parts without looking and to sense whether the body parts are moving and in what direction.
Located within muscles, joints, and tendons.
11
Q
What is proprioception? What is it also called?
A
Sense of positioning
Also called kinesthesia
12
Q
What are special sense organs?
A
The eyes, the nose, and the taste buds.
13
Q
What are special senses?
A
Touch Vision Hearing Smell Taste
14
Q
What is conjunctiva?
A
Clear membrane that covers the outside of the front of the eyeball and the inside surface of the eyelids.
Isn’t part of the eyeball itself.
15
Q
What is the sclera?
A
The outermost layer of the eyeball.
The white of the eye.
Protects the eye and serves as the surface to which the extrinsic (outer) muscles attach.
16
Q
What is the cornea?
A
Clear area of the sclera.
Allows light to pass through.
17
Q
What is the choroid coat?
A
Middle layer of the eyeball.
Vascular structure of the eye that provides blood and oxygen through blood vessels.
18
Q
What is the pupil?
A
Small, circular opening in front of the choroid coat.
19
Q
What is the iris?
A
Surrounds the pupil.
Colored part of the eye.
20
Q
What does the iris contain, and what does it do?
A
Contains intrinsic, or inner, muscles that adjust the size of the pupil according to the amount of light in the environment.
21
Q
What are lens?
A
Durable crystalline disc behind the iris and the pupil that focuses light on the retina.
22
Q
What is a biconvex?
A
Disc with a convex surface on both sides.
It’s the lens.
23
Q
What are suspensory ligaments?
A
Fibrous tissues connect the lens to the ciliary muscles.
24
Q
What is an anterior chamber? What is it filled with?
A
Space between the lens and the structure in front of it.
Filled with a watery fluid called aqueous humor.
25
What is aqueous humor?
Fluid is continuously replenished by the blood vessels behind the iris.
26
What is a posterior chamber? What is it also called?
Space or cavity behind the lens.
Is filled with vitreous humor.
The structure maintains the spherical shape of the eyeball and aids in focusing light onto the retina.
Also called posterior cavity.
27
What is vitreous humor?
Transparent, gelatinlike substance.
28
What is the retina?
Innermost layer of the eyeball.
Doesn't extend to the front part of the eye.
Detects light and transmits signals back to the brain.
29
What are the 3 parts of the ear?
External
Middle
Inner
30
What is the external ear?
Outer ear
31
What is the middle ear?
Tympanic cavity
32
What is the inner ear?
Labryinth
33
What is the pinna? What is it also called?
The outer part of the ear the looks like a cup of rubbery tissue.
Serves as a "satellite dish" that collects sounds from the environment and focuses them into the auditory canal.
Place to hang our glasses.
Also called auricle
34
What is the tympanic membrane?
Tight membrane that transmits the vibrations of sound waves from the auditory canal to the middle ear.
Separates the outer from the inner.
Eardum
35
What are the middle ear 3 bones?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
36
What is the malleus?
Attached to the eardrum.
| As sound strikes the ear drum, this bone vibrates, causing the incus and stapes to vibrate.
37
What is the eustachian tube?
Connects the middle ear to the pharynx, which explains the frequent spread of throat infection to the ear.
Also equalizes air pressure on both sides of the eardrum.
38
What is the inner ear?
Most complicated part of the ear.
Helps maintain a sense of equilibrium and balance.
Resembles a bony labyrinth due to its complex, mazelike design.
39
What are the inner ear 3 structures?
Choclea
Semicircular canals
Vestibule
40
What is the cochlea?
Bony, snail-like shaped
Filled with fluid
Contains a compartment called the organ of Corti
41
What is the organ of corti?
Sensitive element of the inner ear and houses about 20,000 sensory hair cells; each hair cells has 40-100 hairs.
42
How many different smells can the nose detect?
About 10,000
43
What is the olfactory bulb? What is it also called?
Highly specialized collection of nervous tissue that enables your nose to smell.
Also called olfactory epithelium
44
What is so special about olfactory nerves?
Never replaced
Once they are damaged, the sense of smell is impaired forever.
Also tire quickly
45
What is so special about the tongue?
Only skeletal muscle that also has sensory capability
46
What is a bolus?
Food formed into a ball for swallowing
47
What is solubilized?
Saliva through the salivary ducts
48
What are gustatory cells?
Specialized cells in the taste buds.
49
What is glaucoma?
A disease caused by increasing pressure in the eye, which results in a damaged optic nerve.
50
What is the most common form of glaucoma?
Open-angle glaucoma
51
What are cataracts?
Cloudiness of the lens due to increased age.
52
What are mydriatic medications?
Eye drops that dilate the pupils
53
What is conjunctivitis?
Inflammation or irritation of the conjunctiva.
Can be caused by a virus, bacteria, or an allergen.
Most common infection of the eye.
Also, referred to as "pink eye"
54
What is external otitis?
Outer ear infection
| Referred to as "swimmers ear"
55
What is otitis media?
Middle ear infection
| Common in children that's treated with oral antibiotics.
56
What are the 2 structures that protect your eyes from foreign particles?
Eyelashes
| Eyelids
57
What is the nervous system?
Controls every function of your body.
| The most sophisticated and complex body system because it regulates and coordinates the rest of your body systems.
58
What is the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
59
What encases the brain?
Cranial bone
60
What encases the spinal cord?
Vertebrae
61
What is the tough outside of the meninges?
Dura mater
62
What is the arachnoid mater?
Web of delicate fibers connecting dura mater to pia mater.
63
What is the soft and tender inside layer?
Pia mater
64
What is the subdural space?
Space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.
| Contains many blood vessels that carry nourishment to the tissue.
65
What is the subarachnoid space?
Space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
| Contains the cerebrospinal fluid
66
How much does the brain weigh?
3 lbs
67
What is the brain divided into 4 parts?
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem
68
What is the cerebrum?
Largest and most complicated part of the brain.
| Covered in cerebral cortex.
69
What is the cerebral cortex?
Thin outer layer of gray matter.
| Covers the cerebrum.
70
What is basal ganglia?
White matter
| Lies beneath the gray matter, or cerebral cortex
71
What does the cerebrum do?
Controls motor activities, interprets sensations, and serves as the center of intellect, memory, language, and consciousness.
Is divided into hemispheres
72
What are the deep grooves that divide the cerebrum?
Longitudinal fissure
73
What are the 4 brain lobes?
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
74
What does the left hemisphere do?
Governs logic, language, reasoning, numbers, linearity, analysis, and academic activities.
75
What does the right hemisphere do?
Responsible for rhythm, music, images, imagination, color, parallel processing, daydreaming, face recognition, and pattern or map recognition.
76
What does the frontal lobe do?
Controls body movements, speech, judgment, intelligence, and problem solving.
77
What does the parietal lobe do?
Receives and integrates information from various sensory receptors, including vision and hearing.
78
What does the occipital lobe do?
Receives information from the thalamus about what you see and uses the information to help you formulate an appropriate response.
Primary visual area.
79
What does the temporal lobe do?
Receives and responds to sound.
| Formulates emotion, personality, and behavior.
80
Where is the cerebellum located? What does it look like?
Located at the posterior aspect of the brain, underneath the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.
Latin for "little brain"
Looks like a miniature cerebrum.
Has 2 lobes-right and left
81
What are narrow ridges in the cerebellar cortex?
Folia
82
What are the 3 cerebellum functions?
Coordinates and refines voluntary movements.
Helps maintain muscle tone and posture.
Helps maintain equilibrium.
83
What is the diencephalon?Where is it located? What is it sometimes called?
Consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the posterior portion of the pituitary gland.
Located at the midline of the brain and is surrounded by the cerebrum.
Sometimes called the interbrain.
84
Where is the brain stem?
Sits underneath the rest of the brain and connects the brain to the spinal cord.
85
What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
86
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
A built-in shock absorber for the central nervous system.
87
What are cavities in the brain?
Ventricles
88
What are choroid plexus?
Blood vessels that produce CSF
89
What does the blood cerebrospinal fluid brain barrier do?
Helps protect the brain by controlling which substances enter and leave the brain.
90
What is the autonomic nervous system main function?
To regulate the function of the cardiac muscles and the smooth muscles, including those in the digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, and endocrine systems.
91
What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic
| Parasympathetic
92
"Fight or Flight"
Sympathetic nervous system
93
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
Counterbalances the action of the sympathetic nervous system.
Provides a calming counterbalance to the sympathetic nervous system by exerting opposite effects on internal organs.
Important for stability so that your body can proceed with normal activity.
94
What is a neuron?
Nerve cell
Basic unit of the nervous system
Sole purpose is to conduct signals from one end of the nervous system to the other
95
What are the 3 parts of neurons?
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
96
What are dendrites?
Pick up signals and send them to the body of the nerve cell.
97
What are ganglions?
Groups of cells bodies
98
What type of nerves are sensory nerves?
Afferent nerves
99
What does afferent mean?
Carry something toward the center
100
What does efferent mean?
Carry something away from the center
101
What is myelin?
Fatty white substance that covers many of the axons in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
102
What is the tiny space between neurons?
Synapse
103
What does neuroglia do?
Serve to support, protect, and nourish the neurons and anchor them to the blood vessels.
Literally means "nerve glue"
104
What is parkinson's disease?
Slowly degenerative disease caused by shrinking levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine
105
What are the 4 hallmark signs of parkinson's?
Resting tremor
Muscular stiffness or rigidity
Slowing of movements
Impaired postural reflexes (the most debilitating because it increases the risk of falls)
106
What is a resting tremor?
Shakiness in the hands and feet
107
What is bradykinesia?
Slowing of movements
108
What is alzheimer's disease?
Characterized by loss of memory, poor judgment, and general withdrawal from daily life.
109
What is multiple sclerosis?
Caused by an inflammation of the myelin sheath that covers the nerve pathways in the brain and spinal cord.
110
What is meningitis?
Inflammation of the meninges due to an infection.
111
What is myasthenia gravis?
Rare disease that causes weakness in certain skeletal muscle groups due to faulty transmission of nerve impulses to those muscles.
112
What are tension headaches caused by?
Lack of sleep
Dehydration
A side effect of medications
Environmental factors
113
What is a migraine?
An episodic headache that's accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound
114
What is cerebrovascular accident?
Stroke
| CVA
115
What is a stoke?
Sudden onset of a neurological deficit in the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain.
The cause of this can be due to a thrombus or hemorrhage in any part of the brain.
116
What is ischemic stroke?
A thrombus clogs a blood vessel in the brain, it results in a lack of oxygen to the affected area causing this.
117
What is a seizure?
Involuntary contraction or a series of contractions by voluntary muscles.
Known as a convulsion
118
What is depression?
Mood disorder that involves great sadness, despair, dejection, and feelings of hopelessness
119
Depression is caused by a decrease in the function of this-
Neurotransmitters
| NTMs
120
What is anxiety?
Believed to be caused by abnormal levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)
121
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Form of anxiety
Patients become anxious and obsessive in performing certain tasks over and over in a certain order
OCD
122
What is schizophrenia?
A psychiatric disorder characterized by false beliefs, confused thinking, hallucinations, and reduce social engagement.
123
What is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?
A neurobehavioral developmental disorder that involves lack of attention and increased hyperactivity.
124
What is insomnia?
Medical term used to describe the behavioral disorder of difficulty falling asleep, inability to stay asleep, and restlessness.
Affects 30-40% of the US population.
125
What are receptors?
Cells, molecules, or nerve endings that react to produce a particular effect in response to a specific environmental stimulus.
126
Biconvex is what?
A type of lens that's convex on both sides, meaning it bulges out on both sides.
127
What is the nerve that carriers the sense of smell from the nose to the brain?
Olfactory nerve
128
What are the 3 membranes beneath the bone coverings that envelop the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
129
What is motor activity?
The movement of muscles in response to a signal from the brain or spinal cord.
130
What are motor nerves?
Nerves that carry a nerve impulse, or neural message, from the brain to various body organs.
131
Sensory organs are what?
Nerves that carry a nerve impulse, or neural message, from sensory organs to the brain.
