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Body Systems and Medical Terminology 2 > Sensory Organs and Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Sensory Organs and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What do sensory organs do?

A

Enable you to see, hear, smell, and taste.

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2
Q

What are general sense organs?

A

Tactile receptors, the temperature receptors, the pain receptors, and the proprioceptors.

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3
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerves

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4
Q

What is dopamine?

A

Neurotransmitter vital for the normal functioning of posture control, physical support, and voluntary movement.

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5
Q

What are 2 groups of senses?

A

General

Special

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6
Q

What are general sensory receptors?

A

Enable you to feel pressure, pain, touch, vibration, and changes in temperature.

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7
Q

What are tactile receptors? Where are they located?

A

Bring you information about pressure, touch, and vibration.

Located throughout the skin, but are more abundant in areas such as the fingertips and the lips.

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8
Q

What are temperature receptors? Where are they located?

A

Enable you to sense changes in temperature.

Found throughout the body; they’re concentrated in the lips, mouth, and anus.

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9
Q

Where are pain receptors located?

A

Through the skin and within certain internal organs.

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10
Q

What are proprioceptors? Where are they located?

A

Enable you to sense the position of various body parts without looking and to sense whether the body parts are moving and in what direction.
Located within muscles, joints, and tendons.

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11
Q

What is proprioception? What is it also called?

A

Sense of positioning

Also called kinesthesia

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12
Q

What are special sense organs?

A

The eyes, the nose, and the taste buds.

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13
Q

What are special senses?

A 
Touch
Vision
Hearing
Smell
Taste
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14
Q

What is conjunctiva?

A

Clear membrane that covers the outside of the front of the eyeball and the inside surface of the eyelids.
Isn’t part of the eyeball itself.

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15
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The outermost layer of the eyeball.
The white of the eye.
Protects the eye and serves as the surface to which the extrinsic (outer) muscles attach.

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16
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Clear area of the sclera.

Allows light to pass through.

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17
Q

What is the choroid coat?

A

Middle layer of the eyeball.

Vascular structure of the eye that provides blood and oxygen through blood vessels.

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18
Q

What is the pupil?

A

Small, circular opening in front of the choroid coat.

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19
Q

What is the iris?

A

Surrounds the pupil.

Colored part of the eye.

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20
Q

What does the iris contain, and what does it do?

A

Contains intrinsic, or inner, muscles that adjust the size of the pupil according to the amount of light in the environment.

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21
Q

What are lens?

A

Durable crystalline disc behind the iris and the pupil that focuses light on the retina.

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22
Q

What is a biconvex?

A

Disc with a convex surface on both sides.

It’s the lens.

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23
Q

What are suspensory ligaments?

A

Fibrous tissues connect the lens to the ciliary muscles.

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24
Q

What is an anterior chamber? What is it filled with?

A

Space between the lens and the structure in front of it.

Filled with a watery fluid called aqueous humor.

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25
Q

What is aqueous humor?

A

Fluid is continuously replenished by the blood vessels behind the iris.

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26
Q

What is a posterior chamber? What is it also called?

A

Space or cavity behind the lens.
Is filled with vitreous humor.
The structure maintains the spherical shape of the eyeball and aids in focusing light onto the retina.
Also called posterior cavity.

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27
Q

What is vitreous humor?

A

Transparent, gelatinlike substance.

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28
Q

What is the retina?

A

Innermost layer of the eyeball.
Doesn’t extend to the front part of the eye.
Detects light and transmits signals back to the brain.

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29
Q

What are the 3 parts of the ear?

A

External
Middle
Inner

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30
Q

What is the external ear?

A

Outer ear

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31
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

Tympanic cavity

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32
Q

What is the inner ear?

A

Labryinth

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33
Q

What is the pinna? What is it also called?

A

The outer part of the ear the looks like a cup of rubbery tissue.
Serves as a “satellite dish” that collects sounds from the environment and focuses them into the auditory canal.
Place to hang our glasses.
Also called auricle

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34
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

Tight membrane that transmits the vibrations of sound waves from the auditory canal to the middle ear.
Separates the outer from the inner.
Eardum

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35
Q

What are the middle ear 3 bones?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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36
Q

What is the malleus?

A

Attached to the eardrum.

As sound strikes the ear drum, this bone vibrates, causing the incus and stapes to vibrate.

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37
Q

What is the eustachian tube?

A

Connects the middle ear to the pharynx, which explains the frequent spread of throat infection to the ear.
Also equalizes air pressure on both sides of the eardrum.

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38
Q

What is the inner ear?

A

Most complicated part of the ear.
Helps maintain a sense of equilibrium and balance.
Resembles a bony labyrinth due to its complex, mazelike design.

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39
Q

What are the inner ear 3 structures?

A

Choclea
Semicircular canals
Vestibule

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40
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Bony, snail-like shaped
Filled with fluid
Contains a compartment called the organ of Corti

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41
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

Sensitive element of the inner ear and houses about 20,000 sensory hair cells; each hair cells has 40-100 hairs.

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42
Q

How many different smells can the nose detect?

A

About 10,000

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43
Q

What is the olfactory bulb? What is it also called?

A

Highly specialized collection of nervous tissue that enables your nose to smell.
Also called olfactory epithelium

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44
Q

What is so special about olfactory nerves?

A

Never replaced
Once they are damaged, the sense of smell is impaired forever.
Also tire quickly

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45
Q

What is so special about the tongue?

A

Only skeletal muscle that also has sensory capability

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46
Q

What is a bolus?

A

Food formed into a ball for swallowing

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47
Q

What is solubilized?

A

Saliva through the salivary ducts

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48
Q

What are gustatory cells?

A

Specialized cells in the taste buds.

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49
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

A disease caused by increasing pressure in the eye, which results in a damaged optic nerve.

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50
Q

What is the most common form of glaucoma?

A

Open-angle glaucoma

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51
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Cloudiness of the lens due to increased age.

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52
Q

What are mydriatic medications?

A

Eye drops that dilate the pupils

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53
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Inflammation or irritation of the conjunctiva.
Can be caused by a virus, bacteria, or an allergen.
Most common infection of the eye.
Also, referred to as “pink eye”

54
Q

What is external otitis?

A

Outer ear infection

Referred to as “swimmers ear”

55
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Middle ear infection

Common in children that’s treated with oral antibiotics.

56
Q

What are the 2 structures that protect your eyes from foreign particles?

A

Eyelashes

Eyelids

57
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Controls every function of your body.

The most sophisticated and complex body system because it regulates and coordinates the rest of your body systems.

58
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

59
Q

What encases the brain?

A

Cranial bone

60
Q

What encases the spinal cord?

A

Vertebrae

61
Q

What is the tough outside of the meninges?

A

Dura mater

62
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

Web of delicate fibers connecting dura mater to pia mater.

63
Q

What is the soft and tender inside layer?

A

Pia mater

64
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

Space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

Contains many blood vessels that carry nourishment to the tissue.

65
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

Contains the cerebrospinal fluid

66
Q

How much does the brain weigh?

A

3 lbs

67
Q

What is the brain divided into 4 parts?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem

68
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Largest and most complicated part of the brain.

Covered in cerebral cortex.

69
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Thin outer layer of gray matter.

Covers the cerebrum.

70
Q

What is basal ganglia?

A

White matter

Lies beneath the gray matter, or cerebral cortex

71
Q

What does the cerebrum do?

A

Controls motor activities, interprets sensations, and serves as the center of intellect, memory, language, and consciousness.
Is divided into hemispheres

72
Q

What are the deep grooves that divide the cerebrum?

A

Longitudinal fissure

73
Q

What are the 4 brain lobes?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

74
Q

What does the left hemisphere do?

A

Governs logic, language, reasoning, numbers, linearity, analysis, and academic activities.

75
Q

What does the right hemisphere do?

A

Responsible for rhythm, music, images, imagination, color, parallel processing, daydreaming, face recognition, and pattern or map recognition.

76
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Controls body movements, speech, judgment, intelligence, and problem solving.

77
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Receives and integrates information from various sensory receptors, including vision and hearing.

78
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

Receives information from the thalamus about what you see and uses the information to help you formulate an appropriate response.
Primary visual area.

79
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Receives and responds to sound.

Formulates emotion, personality, and behavior.

80
Q

Where is the cerebellum located? What does it look like?

A

Located at the posterior aspect of the brain, underneath the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.
Latin for “little brain”
Looks like a miniature cerebrum.
Has 2 lobes-right and left

81
Q

What are narrow ridges in the cerebellar cortex?

A

Folia

82
Q

What are the 3 cerebellum functions?

A

Coordinates and refines voluntary movements.
Helps maintain muscle tone and posture.
Helps maintain equilibrium.

83
Q

What is the diencephalon?Where is it located? What is it sometimes called?

A

Consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the posterior portion of the pituitary gland.
Located at the midline of the brain and is surrounded by the cerebrum.
Sometimes called the interbrain.

84
Q

Where is the brain stem?

A

Sits underneath the rest of the brain and connects the brain to the spinal cord.

85
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

86
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

A built-in shock absorber for the central nervous system.

87
Q

What are cavities in the brain?

A

Ventricles

88
Q

What are choroid plexus?

A

Blood vessels that produce CSF

89
Q

What does the blood cerebrospinal fluid brain barrier do?

A

Helps protect the brain by controlling which substances enter and leave the brain.

90
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system main function?

A

To regulate the function of the cardiac muscles and the smooth muscles, including those in the digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, and endocrine systems.

91
Q

What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

92
Q

“Fight or Flight”

A

Sympathetic nervous system

93
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Counterbalances the action of the sympathetic nervous system.
Provides a calming counterbalance to the sympathetic nervous system by exerting opposite effects on internal organs.
Important for stability so that your body can proceed with normal activity.

94
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Nerve cell
Basic unit of the nervous system
Sole purpose is to conduct signals from one end of the nervous system to the other

95
Q

What are the 3 parts of neurons?

A

Dendrites
Cell body
Axon

96
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Pick up signals and send them to the body of the nerve cell.

97
Q

What are ganglions?

A

Groups of cells bodies

98
Q

What type of nerves are sensory nerves?

A

Afferent nerves

99
Q

What does afferent mean?

A

Carry something toward the center

100
Q

What does efferent mean?

A

Carry something away from the center

101
Q

What is myelin?

A

Fatty white substance that covers many of the axons in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

102
Q

What is the tiny space between neurons?

A

Synapse

103
Q

What does neuroglia do?

A

Serve to support, protect, and nourish the neurons and anchor them to the blood vessels.
Literally means “nerve glue”

104
Q

What is parkinson’s disease?

A

Slowly degenerative disease caused by shrinking levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine

105
Q

What are the 4 hallmark signs of parkinson’s?

A

Resting tremor
Muscular stiffness or rigidity
Slowing of movements
Impaired postural reflexes (the most debilitating because it increases the risk of falls)

106
Q

What is a resting tremor?

A

Shakiness in the hands and feet

107
Q

What is bradykinesia?

A

Slowing of movements

108
Q

What is alzheimer’s disease?

A

Characterized by loss of memory, poor judgment, and general withdrawal from daily life.

109
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Caused by an inflammation of the myelin sheath that covers the nerve pathways in the brain and spinal cord.

110
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges due to an infection.

111
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

Rare disease that causes weakness in certain skeletal muscle groups due to faulty transmission of nerve impulses to those muscles.

112
Q

What are tension headaches caused by?

A

Lack of sleep
Dehydration
A side effect of medications
Environmental factors

113
Q

What is a migraine?

A

An episodic headache that’s accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound

114
Q

What is cerebrovascular accident?

A

Stroke

CVA

115
Q

What is a stoke?

A

Sudden onset of a neurological deficit in the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain.
The cause of this can be due to a thrombus or hemorrhage in any part of the brain.

116
Q

What is ischemic stroke?

A

A thrombus clogs a blood vessel in the brain, it results in a lack of oxygen to the affected area causing this.

117
Q

What is a seizure?

A

Involuntary contraction or a series of contractions by voluntary muscles.
Known as a convulsion

118
Q

What is depression?

A

Mood disorder that involves great sadness, despair, dejection, and feelings of hopelessness

119
Q

Depression is caused by a decrease in the function of this-

A

Neurotransmitters

NTMs

120
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Believed to be caused by abnormal levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)

121
Q

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A

Form of anxiety
Patients become anxious and obsessive in performing certain tasks over and over in a certain order
OCD

122
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

A psychiatric disorder characterized by false beliefs, confused thinking, hallucinations, and reduce social engagement.

123
Q

What is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

A

A neurobehavioral developmental disorder that involves lack of attention and increased hyperactivity.

124
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Medical term used to describe the behavioral disorder of difficulty falling asleep, inability to stay asleep, and restlessness.
Affects 30-40% of the US population.

125
Q

What are receptors?

A

Cells, molecules, or nerve endings that react to produce a particular effect in response to a specific environmental stimulus.

126
Q

Biconvex is what?

A

A type of lens that’s convex on both sides, meaning it bulges out on both sides.

127
Q

What is the nerve that carriers the sense of smell from the nose to the brain?

A

Olfactory nerve

128
Q

What are the 3 membranes beneath the bone coverings that envelop the brain and spinal cord?

A

Meninges

129
Q

What is motor activity?

A

The movement of muscles in response to a signal from the brain or spinal cord.

130
Q

What are motor nerves?

A

Nerves that carry a nerve impulse, or neural message, from the brain to various body organs.

131
Q

Sensory organs are what?

A

Nerves that carry a nerve impulse, or neural message, from sensory organs to the brain.

Body Systems and Medical Terminology 2 (3 decks)

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