Integumentary and Musculoskeletal Systems Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Integumentary System?
A
The body system that provides coverage for your internal organs.
2
Q
What does the integumentary system comprise of?
A
Skin Hair Nails Sweat glands Sebaceous glands
3
Q
Nails protect what?
A
Protect the fingers and toes
4
Q
What enables the body to regulate temperature?
A
Skin
Hair
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
5
Q
What are the skin’s functions?
A
Provides protection from the outer environment
Acts as a barrier against foreign pathogens
Sends the pain, temperature, pressure, and touch stimuli to the brain
When exposed to the sun it helps in synthesizing vitamin D, an essential vitamin needed to carry out various body functions
6
Q
What is the weight of skin?
A
Between 7 & 9 lbs.
On average it takes up 20 square feet
7
Q
About how many skin cells?
A
300 million
8
Q
A single centimeter of skin contains what?
A
Meter-long blood vessels.
9
Q
What is grafting?
A
A process of taking a piece of your own skin or a piece of donor skin and transplanting it to the affected site to grow and repair.
10
Q
What are the skin’s 3 layers?
A
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
11
Q
What is the the outer most layer of skin?
A
Epidermis
12
Q
What are the 5 layers of epidermis?
A
Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale
13
Q
What is the stratum corneum?
A
Surface layer
14
Q
What is stratum lucidum?
A
Found just below the stratum corneum on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet only.
Provides additional protection for these high-use areas.
Cells in this area appear clear
15
Q
What is stratum granulosum?
A
Cells begin the protection process and are then distributed among the layers.
These cells produce melanin
16
Q
What is keratin?
A
The substance that constitutes your skin, hair, and nails.
17
Q
What is stratum spinosum?
A
Known as the “prickle layer” for its spiny texture
18
Q
What is stratum basale?
A
Deepest layer
19
Q
What is the dermis?
A
Sometimes considered the “true skin” because it contains blood and lymph vessels, as well as nerve fibers
Also contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
Lies under the epidermal layer and is much thicker
Located between the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer
20
Q
What cells produce fiber that helps to repair injuries?
A
Fibroblast
21
Q
What cells protect the body by swallowing foreign materials such as bacteria?
A
Phagocytic
22
Q
Mast cells contain what?
A
Histamine
23
Q
What substance produces allergic reactions and heparin?
A
Histamine
24
Q
What substance prevents blood clotting?
A
Heparin
25
What is a gluey protein found in skin, connective tissue, bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments?
Collagen
26
These provide the skin with its strength and elasticity.
Collagen fibers
27
Whorls and Loops
Found on the soles of the feet, palms, and on the fingertips
"Prints" are actually formed from the ridges and furrows found in the dermis layer
On the fingertips help you grasp objects
28
Subcutaneous layer is:
A connective tissue layer that attaches the skin to the muscles and to other tissues lying beneath the skin
Also called the hypodermal layer
Made of connective tissue
Sometimes called superficial fascia
29
This tissue provides support and protection for organs
| Also serves to shape the body
Fascia
30
Lipocytes are what?
Fat cells
| Are stored in the subcutaneous layer in a special tissue called adipose tissue
31
Where are sweat glands located?
Deep in the dermal layer.
32
What are the 2 types of sweat glands?
Eccrine
| Apocrine
33
Eccrine sweat glands are what?
Numerous, important, and widespread throughout your body
| Produce watery sweat
34
Pores are what?
Crooked ducts
35
Apocrine sweat glands are what?
Found primarily in the axillae and in the pigmented skin areas around the genitals
Produce a thicker, milky secretion that can be odorous
36
Armpits are called what?
Axillae
37
Mammary glands are what?
Modified sweat gland
| Secretes milk only after the birth of a child
38
Ceruminous glands are what?
Located in the skin that lines the external auditory canals
| Secrete earwax or cerumen
39
Sebaceous glands are what?
Flask-shaped
Located in the dermis
Commonly attached hair follicles
Secrete an oily substance, or sebum
40
Sebum does what?
Oils the hair, lubricates the skin, and prevents water loss
41
How many sweat glands work together to help the body maintain its proper temperature?
2 million
42
On average, how much does a person sweat each day?
1 quart of water
43
What does hair do?
Keeps heads warm
| Serves as a filter system for ears, eyes, and nose
44
What do nails do?
Protect the ends of fingers and toes
| Provide physical support to the fingertips to allow you to pick up small objects
45
What are the 4 parts of a single hair?
Shaft
Root
Follicle
Papilla
46
What is the hair shaft?
Visible part of the hair
47
What is the hair root?
Embedded in the dermis
48
What is the hair follicle?
Bulblike attachment at the end of the hair
49
What is the papilla?
Loop of capillaries enclosed within the connective tissue.
50
What is the lunula?
Nail grows from here.
| White crescent at the base of the nail
51
What is the cuticle?
Narrow band of the epidermis that extends from the nail wall onto the surface
Pinkish color seen beneath the nail is produced by underlying capillaries
52
What is the hypodermis?
Produces and stores fat and connects the skin to the body organs to give shape to your body
53
What are the 3 main functions of the subcutaneous layer?
Produce and store fat
Connect skin to internal organs
Provide protection to internal organs from mechanical injury
54
What do collagen fibers provide?
Strength
| Elasticity
55
What are common symptoms of various skin diseases?
```
Pruritus
Erythema
Edema
Scaling
Lesions
Ulcers
Hives
```
56
What is pruritis?
Itching
| Due to histamine release from the skin cells in response to an allergic reaction
57
What is erythema?
Redness
| Caused by increased blood flow to the affected area of the skin
58
What is edema?
Swelling
| Caused by fluid buildup in the affected skin area
59
What is scaling?
Due to excess keratin buildup in the epidermis layer of the skin
60
What are lesions?
Circumscribed area of the diseased skin tissue and is classified as primary and secondary
61
What are ulcers?
Open lesion
| Results from tissue damage in the skin layers
62
What are hives?
Raised, irregularly shaped skin eruptions with red margins and pale centers
Usually result from an allergic reaction
63
What are skin infections?
Can be caused by various microorganisms
| Including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites
64
What are bacterial infections caused by?
Bacteria
65
What are fungal infections caused by? What is at a higher risk of acquiring fungal infections?
Fungi
| Skin surfaces that are exposed to sweat.
66
What are viral infections caused by? Describe 2 things about these infections.
Viruses
They are highly contagious and sometimes require isolation.
They are difficult to treat.
67
What are parasitic infections caused by?
Parasites
68
What can cause skin lesions?
Infections, allergic reactions, and trauma to your skin
69
Primary skin lesions are what?
```
Abrasion
Contusion
Cyst
Excoriation
Laceration
Macules
Papules
Polyp
Pustules
Vesicles
Wheals
```
70
What are abrasions?
The scraping away of epidermal tissue.
71
What are conustions?
Injured skin that's intact and not broken.
72
What is a cyst?
A hollow cavity filled with liquid secretions.
73
What is excoriation?
The superficial loss of tissue due to trauma, chemicals, or burns.
74
What are lacerations?
Broken skin layers or torn flesh.
75
Macules are what?
Non-palpable discolored spots or patches.
76
Papules are what?
Small, solid, circumscribed, raised areas.
77
What is a polyp?
A small growth protruding from a mucous membrane.
78
What are pustules?
Small, elevated, circumscribed, pus-containing lesions.
79
What are vesicles?
Blister-like elevations containing serous fluid.
80
What are wheals?
Localized areas of edema on the body surface.
81
What are secondary skin lesions?
A result from the healing process.
82
What is a cicatrix?
A scar from a wound that has healed.
83
What is hypertrophied?
Firm, raised, and thickened condition of a scar.
84
What is a keloid?
Progressively enlarging, irregularly shaped scar tissue due to excessive collagen formation in the corneum during tissue repair
85
What is an ulcer?
Open sore or lesion caused by trauma, intense heat or cold, pressure, or bacterial infection
86
What are pressure ulcers? What are they also called?
Specifically caused by direct pressure due to prolonged immobility
Also called decubitus ulcers
87
How many stages do pressure ulcers have?
4
88
What is the 1st stage of pressure ulcers?
Reddened skin, but the skin isn't broken
89
What is the 2nd stage of pressure ulcers?
Can have broken or unbroken blisters that are reddened and/or irritated
90
What is the 3rd stage of pressure ulcers?
Skin breakage through all layers
91
What is the 4th stage of pressure ulcers?
Go through all layers of skin and can affect muscles, tendons, and even bone
92
What does dermatitis refer to?
Any inflammation of the skin
93
What are the most common inflammatory conditions?
Eczema
| Psoriasis
94
What is eczema? What is another name for eczema? Who is it more prevalent in?
Also known as atopic dermatitis
Common inflammatory disorder in which skin patches become rough and swollen with blisters
More prevalent in children, but can persist into adulthood
95
What is psoriasis? When is it most common?
A chronic skin disorder that results from over production of the skin cells
Plaque formation on the skin surface due to the accumulation of the rapidly growing skin cells
Most common between the ages of 15-30
96
What is classified by determining the number of tissue layers involved?
Burns
97
What is a 1st degree burn?
There may be some redness and discomfort, blistering usually doesn't occur and little tissue is destroyed
Minor burn
Labeled as a superficial burn
98
What is a 2nd degree burn?
Dermis isn't completely destroyed
Characterized by blisters, severe pain, generalized swelling, and fluid loss and usually results in scarring
Causing injury to the top layer of the dermis
Labeled as partial-thickness burns
Healing takes about 2 weeks
99
What is a 3rd degree burn?
Epidermis and dermis have been completely destroyed, and the damage extends below the dermis into the subcutaneous layer
Labeled as full-thickness burns; damage goes into the fat, muscle, and bone
Usually requires skin grafting
Most severe and generally cause no pain at 1st because of the damage to the nerve endings
100
What is skin grafting?
A type of surgery in which the burned skin is removed and replaced with skin from another location
101
What are the 3 main structures of the musculoskeletal system?
Joints
Muscles
Skeleton
102
What builds the framework of the body?
Bones/Skeleton
103
Where are bones attached to each other?
Joints
104
What is attached to bones, and together, they help the body move?
Muscles
105
What is the skeleton?
Offers support by storing essential minerals and works as a protective layer for the soft inner tissues of the internal organs
Axial and Appendicular
106
What is the skeleton's 2 main parts?
Axial
| Appendicular
107
The axial consists of:
Thorax
Skull
Vertebral Column
108
Bones of the skull are the:
Cranium
Face
Ears
109
How many bones are in the cranium?
8 bones
110
How many bones form the face?
14 bones
111
How many bones form the ear?
6 tiny bones
112
What does TMJ mean?
Tmeporomandibular joint
113
The temporomandibular joint connects-
The sides and base of the jaw to the lower jaw bone
114
The thorax contains what?
Ribs
Sternum
Thoracic vertebrae
115
Which 2 important organs does the thorax protect?
Heart
| Lungs
116
The vertebral column has how many bones? Where is the vertebral column hinged? It is strong enough to what?
33 bones
Strong enough to carry your head
Supports your arms, ribs, and internal organs
Hinged at amphiarthrotic joints and intervertebral discs
117
What are intervertebral discs?
Tiny pads that act as shock absorbers
118
How many bones are in the appendicular section of the body? What does it consist of?
126 bones are from this section
| Consists of the shoulder bones, arm and hand bones, hip bones, leg and foot bones
119
What bones are considered shoulder bones? What is another name for shoulder bones?
```
Scapula
Shoulder Blade
Clavicle
Collar Bone
Also called shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle
```
120
Where is the clavicle attached?
To the sternum at a very small joint called the sternoclavicular joint
121
What consists more bones that any other part of the body?
Arm and hand bones
122
Where is the humerus?
Upper arm bone
| 2nd largest bone in the body
123
Where is the ulna?
Medial lower arm bone
124
Where is the radius?
Lateral lower arm bone that lines up with the thumb
| Can feel on the thumb side of the arm
125
What are carpals? How are they arranged?
8 wrist bones
| In 2 rows of 4 bones
126
What are metacarpals?
5 bones that connect to the fingers
127
What are the 3 hip bones? What does the hip bones support? What is another name for the hip bones?
Support the trunk of your body
Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis
Also called pelvic girdle
128
Where is the ilium?
Uppermost and largest portion of the pelvis
129
Where is the iscium?
Back portion
| Part you sit on
130
Where is the pubis?
Either the 2 bones that make up the front-most portion of the hip bone
131
Where is the femur?
Thigh bone
132
What is the largest bone in the body?
Femur
133
Where is the patella? What is another name for the patella?
Small flat bone formed in the tendons of the large muscle in front of the femur
Kneecap
134
What is the tibia? What is it also called?
Also called the shin bone
| Larger lower leg bone
135
What is the fibula?
Thin bone hidden under the leg muscle
136
What are the tarsals?
7 short bones that form the ankle
137
What is the calcaneus? What is it commonly known as?
Largest tarsal bone
| Known as heel bone
138
What are long bones?
Leg bones
139
Where are short bones located?
Hands
Feet
Wrists
Ankles
140
What bone is considered a flat bone?
Scapula, or shoulder blade
141
What do irregular bones work as? What do they do?
Connectors
| Complete the skeletal structure by fitting in wherever needed
142
What are 2 types of bone cells?
Osteoblasts
| Osteoclasts
143
What do osteoblasts do?
Produce bones
144
What are osteoclasts responsible for?
Reabsorption or breakdown of bone tissue
145
What is ossification?
Process of bone formation
146
What are joints? What are they also called?
Also called articulation
| Point between 2 bones
147
What are 3 joint structural types?
Diarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Synarthrosis
148
What does diarthrosis joints do? What is it also called?
Most joints belong to this group
Allows a wide variety of movement
Also called synovial joints
149
What is in the diarthrosis joint category?
```
Shoulder
Wrist
Thumb
Hip
Knee Ankle
```
150
What are amphiarthrosis joints? What are they able to do?
Able to perform limited movement
Cartilage connects the joined bones
Joints between the vertebrae of the spinal column and the pubic bones
151
What are synarthrosis joints?
Totally immovable joints that don't have a joint cavity
Tissue grows between the adjoining bones
Found in the skull and sternum
152
What are 3 types of muscles?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
153
What does the skeletal muscle do? What does it look like? How are the cells unusual?
Generates movement by pulling against bone
Appears to have bands running across the cells; called striated muscle
Voluntary, control the movements
Cells are unusual because they contain more than one nucleus
154
What are smooth muscles? Where are they located?
Line the inside of many body organs
Contract involuntarily and in rhythmic, slow manner
In the walls of the stomach and intestines are responsible for the continuous movement of food along the gastrointestinal tract
No striations, only one nucleus per cell
Lines blood vessels
155
What are cardiac muscles? Where are they found?
```
Highly specialized
Striated and produces forceful contractions
Involuntary movement
Contracts rhythmically
Found in heart
```
156
What are tendons?
Cartilaginous bands that connect the ends of muscle to bone
157
What is a strain? What is it a result from?
A tear in a tendon or muscle fiber as a result of overstretching a muscle
Usually a result from an injury or vigorous exercise without appropriate stretching
Muscle isn't the same as joint
158
What is a sprain? What is at the highest risk?
A tear in a ligament as a result of trauma or due to the joint being twisted beyond its normal range or motion
Ankles and wrist at the highest risk
159
What is a spasm?
Cramp
| Condition characterized by the undesired, prolonged contraction of a muscle
160
What are the types of fractures?
Simple
Compound
Complete
Incomplete
161
What is a simple fracture?
Closed
The bone is broken, but hasn't broken through the skin.
The neighboring muscles and tissues aren't damaged.
162
What is a compound fracture?
Open
| The bone breaks through the skin, and there's considerable damage to the surrounding tissues.
163
What is a complete fracture?
Bone is completely broken and the 2 broken ends are separated from each other.
164
What is an incomplete fracture?
The break in the bone is more like a crack that doesn't extend completely across.
165
What is osteomyelitis?
Infection inside a bone
166
What is necrosis?
Process of tissue death that may require amputation of the affected bone.
167
What is osteoporosis?
A condition characterized by a decrease in total bone mass.
168
What are bones comprised of?
50% water and 50% solids
169
What is bone marrow depression?
Decreases the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
170
What is arthritis?
Inflammation of the joint.
171
What are 3 forms of arthritis?
Rheumatoid
Osteo
Gouty
172
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Systemic autoimmune disease that gradually affects more and more joints as time passes.
Body's own autoimmune system starts attacking the joint tissue.
Most serious and crippling form of arthritis.
173
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
Inflammation of the joints that link the vertebrae in the spine.
As the inflammation recedes, it leaves the joints hardened and damaged.
174
What is osteoarthritis?
Normally occurs due to the wear and tear of the joints.
Commonly affects weight-bearing joints such as the spine, hips, and knees.
Causes the smooth lining of a joint to crack and flake.
Mostly affects the elderly.
175
What is articular cartilage?
Smooth lining of a joint
176
What is gouty arthritis?
Inflammation of the joints caused by a metabolism defect.
Results in an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood.
Mostly affects big toes and the adjoining areas.
177
What is dislocation?
When a bone is displaced from its normal position in the joint.
178
What is reducting?
Bone is returned to its proper place with gently force.
179
What is myalgia?
Pain in the skeletal muscles.
180
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of one or more bursae.
181
What is bursae?
Small sacs filled with synovial fluid, located between bones and ligaments and between bones and muscles.
182
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
Caused by tissues that swell and compress the median nerve as it runs between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist.
183
What does peripheral mean?
Organs or body parts that are situated away from the center of the body.
184
What is keratin?
A non-soluble hard protein found in the outermost layer of the skin, nails, and hair.
185
What are melanocytes?
Melanin producing cells found in the skin, hair, and eyes.
186
What does contagious mean?
Infections and viruses that can be transmitted or spread from one person to another?
187
What is a scab?
The hardening of the skin surface after wound healing.
188
What does erosion mean?
The process of wearing away or wasting away of the skin surface, usually due to pressure and friction.
189
What is a retinoid?
The class of medications that are derivatives of Vitamin A and are used to treat certain skin diseases due to their ability to regulate skin cell growth.
190
What is an immunosuppressant?
Medications that suppress or decrease the effectiveness of your body's immune response, useful to treat skin disorders that are caused by your body's hyperactive immune response to an allergen.
191
What is cartilage?
A firm, flexible, and elastic connective tissue that connects many tissues and organs in your body, not as hard as bones but stiffer and firmer than the muscles.
192
What are ligaments?
Dense bands of connective tissue that connect bones to bones at joints.
193
What are tendons?
A dense band of connective tissue that connects bones to muscles.
194
What is necrosis?
The premature death of the living cells or tissues resulting from an irreversible damage.
195
What does asymptomatic mean?
A disease that has no apparent symptoms.
