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Body Systems and Medical Terminology 2 > Immune System, HIV, and Cancer > Flashcards

Immune System, HIV, and Cancer Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Outsider protein

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2
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Respond to bacterial infections by engulfing the bacteria through phagocytosis.
Most prevalent type of WBCs

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3
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

A series of chemical reactions that encourage the cell to die.

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4
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Produce antibodies against foreign particles.

Primarily function as part of adaptive immunity by producing antibodies against the invader cells.

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5
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Phagocytic cells
Their main function is to engulf and digest the damaged cells and pathogens.
Function as part of innate immunity.

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6
Q

What is adenoma?

A

Tumor originating in a gland

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7
Q

What is poorly differentiated?

A

Quite far from normal parent tissue, and the tissue of origin may even be difficult to identify.

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8
Q

What is resistance?

A

A phenomenon of a pathogen to adapt to the medication used for the treatment

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9
Q

What is immune system?

A

A complex system composed of various organs, cells, enzymes, and hormones that provide protection against infection-causing microorganisms.
Your body’s defensive network against any disease-causing microorganisms.

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10
Q

What is the immune system main function?

A

Prevent or decrease the risk of various infections.

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11
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

General and non-specific immunity that your body possess to fight various diseases.

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12
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Components function by learning the pathogen and then developing immunity against it.
Referred to as acquired immunity.

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13
Q

What are 3 types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

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14
Q

What is predominately involved in allergic reactions?

A

Eosinophils

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15
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Help combat allergic reactions by releasing 2 chemicals:
Histamine
Heparin

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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17
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Bind with pathogens to deactivate them or tag them to be destroyed by specific WBCs
Immunoglobulins

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18
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Proteins produced by various cells, including the immune cells

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19
Q

What is the thymus? What is it’s main function?

A

Small endocrine gland located in the upper chest area.
Main function is to develop a newborn’s immune response, in adults it continues to be important in the maturation of lymphocytes, specifically T lymphocytes.

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20
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Network of vessels and tissues that carry lymph through the body.
Composed of the thymus gland and lymph nodes.

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21
Q

What is the spleen?

A

Soft, dark red organ located on the left side of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm.
Stores immune cells and activates these cells to respond to disease-causing pathogens.

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22
Q

What are tonsils? What do they do?

A

Masses of lymph tissue located in the rear of the throat.
“Guards” of the mouth often exposes them to microoganisms invading the body through food and air.
Store lymphocytes and release them to fight infections as soon as microorganisms enter the mouth.

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23
Q

What is persistent generalized lymphadenopathy?

A

Enlarged lymph nodes, skin rashes chronic fatigue, and weight loss occur.
Mid-stage period of HIV

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24
Q

What is HIV replication?

A 
Binding
Fusion
Reverse Transcription
Integration
Replication
Assembly
Budding
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25
Q

What is binding?

A

HIV binds to the CD4 cell surface

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26
Q

What is fusion?

A

HIV and CD4 cell membrane fuse

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27
Q

What is reverse transcription?

A

HIV, using its enzyme reverse transcriptase, converts its RNA into DNA. DNA then enters the CD4 cell nucleus

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28
Q

What is integration?

A

Another HIV enzyme, integrase, facilitates the insertion of HIV DNA into the CD4 cell DNA

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29
Q

What is replication?

A

Now as part of the CD4 DNA, HIV begins to replicate its own RNA and other HIV proteins

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30
Q

What is assembly?

A

New HIV RNA, along with other viral proteins, produces and immature HIV

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31
Q

What is budding?

A

Immature HIV comes out of the CD4 cell and uses its own enzyme called protease to become a mature and infectious HIV

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32
Q

What is highly antiretroviral therapy?

A

Term that refers to the combination of antivirals used to effectively treat HIV infection

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33
Q

What are HAART regimens?

A

Combination regimens of different classes of medication that are proven to be safe and effective

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34
Q

What are opportunistic infections?

A

Infections caused by microorganisms that are otherwise rarely infectious to individuals with good immune systems

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35
Q

What is PJP?

A

Type of lung infection, or pneumonia, caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii.
It’s the most common and life-threatening infection in HIV-infected patients.

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36
Q

What is MAC?

A

A group of bacteria that can cause serious and deadly infections of the lungs, bones, and blood in HIV patients.

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37
Q

What are the 3 types of organ rejection?

A

Hyperacute
Acute
Chronic

38
Q

What is hyperacute rejection?

A

Occurs within minutes of implanting a new organ.

Usually requires removal of the new organ.

39
Q

What is acute rejection?

A

Occurs within 2-3 weeks of the organ transplant.

40
Q

What is chronic rejection?

A

Usually occurs after 3 or more months of the organ transplant.

41
Q

What is imunosuppression?

A

Phenomenon of decreased or total lack of immune response in the body.

42
Q

What is induction immunosuppressive therapy?

A

Administered before, during, or immediately after the organ transplant.
Works by depleting functional lymphocytes to prevent an immediate immune response against the new organ.

43
Q

What are neoplasms?

A

Abnormal growths

44
Q

What is the study of neoplasms?

A

Oncology

45
Q

What is a tumor?

A

A lump in the tissue caused by neoplasms.

Also a word that is used synonymously with neoplasm.

46
Q

What is benign neoplasm sometimes referred to as?

A

Benign tumor

47
Q

What is a malignant neoplasm?

A

Cancer

48
Q

What is carcinogenesis?

A

Process of normal cells transforming into cancerous cells.

49
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Mutated proto-onceogenes.

Instruct cells to make proteins that result in excessive cell growth and abnormal division.

50
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Chemicals, drugs, viruses, and other agents that can lead to cancer.

51
Q

What is a papilloma?

A

Epithelial tumor

52
Q

What is an osteoma?

A

Bony tumor, usually found in the skull

53
Q

What are carcinomas?

A

Cancers that originate in the epithelial tissues and include most breast, stomach, uterine, skin, tongue, and glandular cancers.

54
Q

What are sarcomas?

A

Cancers that originate in connective tissues such as bones, muscles, and lymph.
Minority form of cancer, but they’re generally more fast-growing and deadly carcinomas.

55
Q

What are blood and lymph cancers?

A

Usually originate in the bone marrow where blood and lymph cells are produced.

56
Q

What is grading?

A

Microscopic study of a tumor specimen to determine the degree of cell differentiation.
Most common grading scale is Broders’s index

57
Q

What is Grade 1?

A

Means the tumor is highly differentiated

58
Q

What is highly differentiated?

A

Close to normal parent tissue, but some abnormality is present.

59
Q

What is Grade 2?

A

Means the tumor is moderately differentiated

60
Q

What is moderately differentiated?

A

Not as close to normal parent tissue and the cells are fairly irregular

61
Q

What is Grade 3?

A

Means the tumor is poorly differentiated

62
Q

What is Grade 4?

A

Means the tumor is dedifferentiated

63
Q

What is dedifferentiated?

A

So immature and primitive that it’s virtually impossible to tell what is the parent tissue.
Anaplastic

64
Q

What is Stage 1?

A

Assigned when the tumor cells are localized at the original site only.

65
Q

What is Stage 2 and 3?

A

As the tumor spreads further from the original site, the stage level increases.

66
Q

What is Stage 4?

A

Assigned when cancer is spread to many organs throughout the body.

67
Q

What is radiation therapy?

A

Used post-surgery to target any remaining cancer cells fragments.

68
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

Treating cancer with medication

69
Q

What is chemotherapy regimen?

A

Means there are 2 or more antitumor drugs being used to destroy the malignancy.

70
Q

What is remission?

A

All signs of the disease will disappear

71
Q

What are antineoplastic agents?

A

They inhibit the maturation and reproduction of malignant cells

72
Q

What are alkylating agents?

A

Kill rapidly proliferating malignant cells, by preventing DNA replication

73
Q

What is antimetabolites?

A

Medications inhibit certain metabolites that are essential to carry out cell metabolism, causing defects in cell growth and multiplication.

74
Q

What are antitumor antibiotics?

A

These agents prevent the normal replication of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
These medications work by binding to the DNA to halt the RNA synthesis, in turn causing cancer cell death.

75
Q

What is vinca alkaloids?

A

Drugs derived from plants.
They inhibit cell division at a specific step during the cell cycle.
Also called plant alkaloids

76
Q

What are hormones?

A

Essential for conducting many key processes and reactions in your body.

77
Q

What are antihormones?

A

Agents that counteract hormones

78
Q

What is immunomodulating?

A

Drugs that work by activating the immune system or modifying a biological response to an unwanted stimulus such as a tumor.
These drugs either boost your body’s immune system so that it’s more active in destroying cancer cells, or they make the cancer cells more evident to the immune system.

79
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Used successfully as immune system modulators to treat many types of cancers.
These antibodies are produced in the laboratory

80
Q

What are interferons?

A

Are natural proteins produced by cells in reaction to viruses or bacteria.
Inhibit viral strains from reproducing, trigger, macrophages to engulf or eat cancer cells, and increase antigens so lymphocytes can produce antibodies against them.

81
Q

What are the common side effects of chemotherapy?

A 
Hair loss
Pain
Fatigue
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Stomatitis
Reduced blood cell production
82
Q

What is stomatitis?

A

Inflamed and sore mouth

83
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Defined as a reduction in the number of leukocytes in the blood

84
Q

What is alopecia?

A

Hair loss

85
Q

What is pathogen?

A

A term used for any microorganism, such as bacteria, virus, and fungi, that is capable of causing disease

86
Q

What is antigen?

A

A molecule or protein that is capable of triggering an immune response to produce antibodies

87
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A specialized immune protein produced mainly by the plasma cells in response t an antigen; having the capability to remember antigens and providing protection against future invasion by the same or similar antigens

88
Q

What is immunosuppression?

A

A phenomenon of decreased or total lack of your body’s immune response; may be caused by diseases such as caner and HIV infection or may be induced in case of an organ transplant.

89
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Types of leukocytes or white blood cells responsible for developing immune response; further classified into T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

90
Q

What is an inhibitor?

A

An agent or drug that interferes with a chemical reaction to reduce or hinder the activity of another agent or enzyme.

91
Q

What is DNA?

A

Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded molecule present mostly inside the cell nucleus and carrying out hereditary traits

92
Q

What is RNA?

A

Strands for ribonucleic acid; a single-stranded molecule that carries messages for cells to synthesize proteins and also plays a vital role in the transfer of genetic information

Body Systems and Medical Terminology 2 (3 decks)

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