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NOSS (CLB) > Sensory Organs > Flashcards

Sensory Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term olfaction refer to?

A

Olfaction = sense of smell

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2
Q

What does the olfactory organ consist of?

A

The olfactory mucosa in the dorsacaudal nasal cavity

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3
Q

What type of epithelium covers the conchae?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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4
Q

What is the benefit of turbinate bones in terms of olfaction?

A

Air coming through the nostrils can be redirected using turbinate bones to ensure it reaches the olfactory mucosa.

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5
Q

Where would you find the dendrites of olfactory neurones?

A

They reach into the epithelium of the nasal cavity and are present as cilia.

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6
Q

What do that axons of olfactory neurones pass through and what do they connect to?

A

Axons pass through the cribiform plate and connect directly to the olfactory bulb on the brain.

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7
Q

What is the function of olfactory (Bowman’s) glands that sit below the epithelium?

A
  • They produce lipid rich mucus that binds to odorants
  • Odorants are then able to dissolve to reach sensory receptors
  • Also help to wash away odour to the nasopharynx and humidify epithelium.
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8
Q

What do olfactory cells synapse with in the olfactory bulb?

A

Synapse with mitral cells in the olfactory bulb.

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9
Q

Complete the sentence:
There are multiple… per mitral cell in a… of nerve endings

A
  • Olfactory neurons
  • Glomerulus
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10
Q

What do mitral cells link to?

A

One type of olfactory receptor

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11
Q

How does the brain distinguish odours?

A

Compares signal frequencies of different mitral cells.

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12
Q

Where is the vomeronasal organ?

A

It is embedded within the hard palate and opens into the incisive ducts.
It is a blind ending caudally.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the incisive ducts that the vomeronasal organ opens into?

A

Connect the oral and nasal cavities through the hard palate.
(This oral opening is absent in horses)

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14
Q

What is the role of the vomeronasal organ?

A

It detects pheromones and thus has a role in reproductive and social behaviours (e.g., the Flehman reaction

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15
Q

Where are the sensory cells for taste located?

A

Within the tongue.

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16
Q

Which two cranial nerves innervate the sensory cells?

A

Cranial nerves 7 & 9

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17
Q

Which parts of the brain are linked to the gustatory inputs?

A

Cerebral cortex, brain stem + limbic stem.

18
Q

What is the specific function of these 3 parts of the brain?
1) Cerebral cortex
2) Brain stem
3) Limbic system

A

1) Conscious perception of taste and smell
2) Helps with unconscious reflexes such as salivation and digestive juices
3) Emotional response

19
Q

Which nerve carries information between the eye and the brain?

A

Optic nerve

20
Q

What is the passageway of light through the eye?

A

Cornea -> Aqueous humour -> Lens -> Vitreous humour -> Retina

21
Q

What are the 3 different layers of the eye?

A

Retina, vascular tunic, fibrous tunic

22
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

It is connected to the brain and converts light information to nerve signals.

23
Q

What is the function of the vascular tunic?

A

Contains blood vessels as well as structures that hold the lens, regulate pupil size and produce fluid that fills the eyeball.

24
Q

What is the function of the fibrous tunic?

A

A dense, tough collagen tissue which protects and holds the eyeball’s shape.
Extravascular muscles that move the eye attach here.

25
Q

What does the retina develop from?

A

From the neural tube.

26
Q

What are the 2 layers of the retina?

A
  • Pigmented layer (prevents light scattering)
  • Nervous layer (Contains photoreceptors and neurones)
27
Q

What type of receptor cells are found in the eye and what do they contain?

A
  • Rods contain rhodopsin (black and white vision)
  • Cones contain photopsins (colour vision)
28
Q

What structures does the outer ear consist of?

A
  • Pina, auricular muscles, external auditory meatus (ends at the tympanic membrane)
29
Q

What is the function of the outer ear?

A

To direct and transmit sound to the middle ear.

30
Q

What structures are present within the middle ear?

A
  • Ossicles (chains of 3 small bones called the hammer, anvil and stirrup)
  • These bones transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
31
Q

Describe the structure of the inner ear.

A
  • Membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph
  • Surrounded by a bony labyrinth filled with perilymph.
32
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the inner ear?

A
  • Hearing (using the cochlear and cochlear duct)
  • Balance (by the vestibular system)
33
Q

What is unique about the equine auditory tube?

A
  • Horses have outpouchings of the auditory tubes connecting the middle ear to the pharynx
  • These guttural pouches re divided into medial and lateral compartments by the stylohyoid bone.
34
Q

What are the 3 subsections of the cochlea?

A

Cochlea duct
Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani

35
Q

What happens when the stapes vibrate in the oval window?

A
  • It compresses the perilymph in the scala vestibuli
  • This pressure wave then travels into the scala tympani
  • This causes the basilar membrane to vibrate, moving the hair cells relative to the tectorial membrane.
36
Q

How do impulses travel from the cochlea to the brain?

A

Along the vestibulocochlea nerve to the brain

37
Q

What do the saccule and utricle help to detect
(Parts of the inner ear)

A

Linear accelerations.

38
Q

There are 3 semi-circular canals within the inner ear that detect rotation, what are the 3 axis?

A

Pitch (head up and down)
Yaw (head left to right)
Roll (rotating head from side to side)

39
Q

What do head rotations cause?

A

Cause endolymph current inside the canals, moving hair cells in the ampulla (expanded portion) of the canal.

40
Q

The saccule and utricle are expansions of the membranous labyrinth that help to detect linear accelerations such as gravity and vertical movements. What do they contain?

A

They contain hair cells in thickened patches (maculae)
The hair cells are covered with a gel-like layer containing otolith crystals.

NOSS (CLB) (7 decks)

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