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NOSS (CLB) > Brain Circulation, Meninges & CSF > Flashcards

Brain Circulation, Meninges & CSF Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the brain have a high intake of cardiac output?

A

As it has high metabolic demand and a high demand for glucose

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2
Q

Why is the blood vessel structure circular (cerebral arterial circle) in the brain?

A

So that if one of the vessels is damaged/ cut off, the brain still has a sufficient blood supply.

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3
Q

What are the 4 possible routes into the cerebral arterial circle?

A
  • Internal carotid artery
  • Basilar artery
  • Maxillary artery
  • Vertebral artery
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4
Q

In dogs and horses, which vessel gives the largest proportion of the brain’s blood supply?

A

Internal carotid artery
(Small proportions are also supplied by the basilar artery)

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5
Q

In sheep, pigs and cats which blood vessel gives the largest blood supply to the brain?

A

The maxillary artery

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6
Q

Which arteries provide the largest blood supply to the brain in an ox?

A

Maxillary and vertebral arteries

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7
Q

How are the brain and meninges drained?

A

They are drained by veins and sinuses

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8
Q

What are the 3 sinuses in the brain?

A
  • Dorsal sagittal sinus
  • Straight sinus
  • Ventral cavernous sinus
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9
Q

Where do these sinuses drain to?

A

Maxillary, vertebral, occipital and internal jugular veins

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10
Q

Where would you find the dorsal sagittal sinus?

A

Between the two hemispheres of the brain

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11
Q

What are the 3 meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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12
Q

Describe the dura mater.

A

Tough and fibrous. Fused to the skull in the head

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13
Q

Where is the epidural space and why is it not present in the brain?

A

Epidural space is above the dura mater but is not present in the brain as it is tightly adhered to the skull.

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14
Q

What does the arachnoid mater consist of?

A
  • Subarachnoid space containing cerebrospinal fluid
  • Fine filaments connecting to the pia mater
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15
Q

What is the pia mater fused with?

A

Pia mater is fused with the neural tissue underneath

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16
Q

Meningeal folds = inward folding of dura mater. Where and what are the 2 meningeal folds?

A
  • Falx cerebri (between cerebral hemispheres)
  • Tentorium cerebelli (between cerebrum and cerebellum)
17
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the ventricular system in the brain?

A
  • A curved lateral ventricle in each cerebral hemisphere
  • A ring-like third ventricle
  • Fourth ventricle beneath the cerebellum
18
Q

How are the ventricles in each cerebral hemisphere connected to the ring-like ventricle?

A

Via intraventricular foramen

19
Q

How is the third ventricle connected to the fourth ventricle beneath the cerebellum?

A

Via mesencephalic aqueduct

20
Q

What are ventricles ad what do they do?

A

Ventricles are cavities in the brain that produce and store CSF

21
Q

What is CSF?

A
  • CSF is an ultrafiltrate of blood mixed with secretions from ependymal cells lining the ventricles.
  • CSF is clear and colourless and contains very few cells.
22
Q

Complete the sentence:
CSF… is the same as blood plasma (it contains less K+ but more Cl- and glucose)

A

Osmolality

23
Q

Why is the blood brain barrier important?

A

Protects the brain from substances that could be harmful.

24
Q

What is the blood brain barrier (BBB) made of?

A
  • Tight junctions between capillary and endothelial cells
  • Thick basement membrane of the capillary
  • Astrocyte processes surround capillaries
25
Q

What areas of the brain lie outside the BBB?

A

The hypothalamus

26
Q

Where does CSF end up once it has been removed from the subarachnoid space?

A

Enters venous blood circulation

27
Q

How does the CSF enter the venous sinuses?

A

Via arachnoid villi

28
Q

What is the clinical significance of the BBB?

A
  • BBB is more permeable in developing and old animals compared with normal adults
  • Some drugs cannot cross BBB
  • Function of BBB can be compromised by inflammation -> must then be careful what drugs are given as they may enter brain
29
Q

What happens to the pressure of CSF during pathological states?

A

Pressure elevates (this happens with meningitis or tumours)

30
Q

CSF can be tapped for a sampe, what are the risks of this?

A

Tapping may do more harm than good if there is an excess of pressure within the fluid.

31
Q

What are the two largest parts of subarachnoid space?

A
  • Cerebromedullar cistern
  • Lumbar cistern

NOSS (CLB) (7 decks)

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