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SEMESTER 4 - REHAB > Sensory Examination LECTURE 1 > Flashcards

Sensory Examination LECTURE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Integration: What is it?

A

CNS takes in all sensory information

  • Environmental input
  • Movement, touch, body in space, sight, sound and smell
  • The brain must take in and analyze the sensory input so the reaction to it can be appropriate
  • Definition: “is the ability of the brain to organize, interpret, and use sensory information”
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2
Q

Movement

  1. Motor task is _______
  2. Learn to anticipate what will happen?:
  3. Feedback IS ?
  4. Feed forward IS?
A
  1. practiced
  2. correct movement will occur
  3. learning in the moment
  4. learning in the moment
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3
Q
  • Guides the motor response to interact with the environment
  • Adapt movements
  • Protect the person from injury
A

Sensation

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4
Q
  • Sensation received from skin and musculoskeletal system
  • Test the sensory system: need to determine the patients ability to interpret and discriminate incoming sensory info
A

Somatosensory

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5
Q

If abnormal motor behavior, could be from poor______ ________.

A

sensory input

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6
Q

What does the brain do with the information??

A
  • Correlate sensory input with motor output
  • Assess and control body’s interaction with the environment
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7
Q

Clinical Indications for sensory testing

A
  • Depends on information provided in the intake
  • Symptoms described by the patient
  • Signs elicited during other testing and observations
  • Other information
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8
Q
  • Associated with pathology or injury
  • May affect peripheral nervous system or central nervous system, or both
  • Can affect ANY PART of the nervous system
  • Injury, infection, compression, nutritional deficiency, injuries to nerves, CVA, TIA, MS, TBI
  • Look at the PATTERN of sensory involvement
    • Does it follow a peripheral or central pattern??
A

Sensory dysfunction

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9
Q

Crosses more than one dorsal root
Examples: ulnar nerve injury vs C-8
Supraclavicular nerve vs C 5,6,7

A

Peripheral nerve innervation

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10
Q

Specific nerve injuries

A
  • Diabetic: glove and stocking distribution
  • Multiple Sclerosis: scattered pattern of involvement
  • Spinal Cord Injury: diffuse pattern of sensory involvement
  • Can by symmetric or asymmetric
  • Guillen barre syndrome
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11
Q

Spinal cord tracts

A
  • Anterolateral tract
  • Dorsal column
  • Nerve root
  • CNS lesion

Spinal cord tracts carry somatosensory and special sense information- can have damage at the tract which will manifest into various signs and symptoms

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12
Q

Age related changes

A
  • Normal age related changes versus changes specific to illness/pathology
  • Normal aging affects vision, hearing and somatosensory system
  • Changes affect the health of the elderly patient
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13
Q

With aging what might you see due to sensory changes?

A
  1. Postural instability
  2. Increased body sway
  3. Balance issues
  4. Wide based gait
  5. Decrease in fine motor abilities
  6. Can’t recognize body positions
  7. Decrease in muscle mass
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14
Q

How do we accurately test a patient?

A

Testing for sensory problems

  • Do preliminary testing to determine if sensory testing will be accurate
  • What do you need to know?
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15
Q

What are the states of arousal?

A

Alert:
Lethargic:
Stupor/semicoma:
Coma:

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16
Q

Alert and attentive

A
  • If alert: can obtain reasonable information about somatosensory system
  • Attention: selective awareness of environment
    • can respond to a task without being distracted by other stimuli

Increase attention by having patient repeat longer lists of items

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17
Q

Orientation

A
  • Is the patient aware of time, person and place (A&Ox3)
    • If not completely oriented, list what person is not oriented to

What is the 4th orientation? WHY THEIR THERE

18
Q

Memory

A
  • Long term memory: ask questions about remote past
  • Short term memory: difficult to remember directions or follow any directions
    • Test short term memory by asking pt to repeat a series of words. Have them repeat it a few minutes later (less than 5 minutes)
    • Can ask again 30 min later: get 2 items of 3 right
19
Q

Hearing

A

How do they respond to your voice?
Note if you alter the volume or pitch

20
Q

Vision

A
  • Make sure pt uses glasses
  • Peripheral field: sit in front of patient and bring fingers in from side toward midline
  • Depth perception: hold two items in front of patient, which is closer?
21
Q

Sensory testing

A
  • Patient needs to be able to respond
  • Needs to be alert and oriented; have good attention, cognition and memory
22
Q

Modality of sensation

A
  • A general class of stimulus
  • Determined by type of energy transmitted by the stimulus and receptors specialized to sense that energy
23
Q

Modalities of sensation include:

A
  • vision
  • taste
  • hearing
  • smell
  • pain
  • temperature
  • proprioception
24
Q

Superficial and Deep sensation:

Extrareceptors: describe

A
  • Superficial stimuli
  • Located in skin and subcutaneous tissue
  • Perceive light, pain, temperature, touch, pressure
25
Q

Superficial and Deep Sensation

Proprioceptors: describe

A
  • Deep sensations
  • From muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, fascia
  • Position senses, kinesthesia, vibration
26
Q

Combined cortical sensation

  • Combines the information you get from superficial and deep information
  • Information is combined and analyzed in cortical sensory association areas of brain

These include:

A
  1. stereognosis
  2. two-point discrimination,
  3. Barognosis,
  4. graphesthesia,
  5. tactile localization,
  6. analyze texture,
  7. double simultaneous stimulation
27
Q

Spinal Pathways

Information from sensory receptors-through nerveenter spinal pathwayto brain

what are the 2 pathways

A
  1. Anterolateral spinothalamic tract
  2. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system
28
Q

Types of sensory receptors

name 5 types

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Nociceptors
  4. Chemo receptors
  5. Photic/electromagnetic receptors
29
Q

Cutaneous Receptor Review


what do Free nerve endings do?

A
  1. perceive pain,
  2. touch,
  3. temp.,
  4. pressure,
  5. tickle,
  6. itch
30
Q

Cutaneous Receptor Review


Hair follicle endings

A
  • mechanical movement
  • touch
31
Q

Cutaneous Receptor Review


Merkyl’s discs: below epidermis in smooth skin

A
  1. low intensity touch,
  2. velocity of touch,
  3. constant pressure on skin (important in 2 pt discrimination,
  4. localizing touch
32
Q

Cutaneous Receptor Review


Ruffini endings

A
  1. deep layers of dermis:
  2. touch and pressure,
  3. adapt slowly,
  4. signal continuous skin deformation,(position sense)
33
Q

Cutaneous Receptor Review

Krause’s End-Bulb: located in dermis

A

touch and pressure

34
Q

Cutaneous Receptor Review

Meissner’s Corpuscles:located in dermis,

A

discriminative touch (texture), adapt rapidly, found the most where? Lips, toes, fingertips

35
Q

Cutaneous Receptor Review

Pacinian Corpuscles: located in subcutaneous tissue and deep tissue (tendons, around joints)

A
  1. deep touch
  2. vibration,
  3. stimulate by rapid movement,
  4. adapt quickly
36
Q
  • Located in muscles, tendons and joints
  • Muscle and joint receptors
  • Affect posture, position sense , proprioception and direction of movement
  • Includes muscle spindle, golgi tendon organs, free nerve endings, pacinian corpuscles and joint receptors

what receptors?

A

Deep Sensory Receptors

37
Q

Joint receptors

A
  • Golgi type endings: ligaments: detect rate of joint movement
  • 
free nerve endings: joint capsule and lig., pain and crude awareness of jt movement
  • Ruffini endings: joint capsule and lig., direction and velocity of jt mvment

Pacinian ending: jt capsule, monitors rapid jt mvmnt

38
Q

Muscle Receptors

A

Muscle spindles
Monitors: change in muscle length, velocity of change

Golgi tendon organs
Prevent structural damage with extreme tension
(inhibits contracting muscle, facilitates antagonist)

Free Nerve Endings
Pain and pressure
Pacinian Corpuscles
Vibratory stimuli
Deep pressure

39
Q

Pathways to transmit signals

Carried through ascending pathways in the spinal column
Comes into the _________root of the spinal cord

Ascends to higher centers

A

_DORSAL_

40
Q

start slide 46

A
41
Q
A

SEMESTER 4 - REHAB (16 decks)

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