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PSY3128 - The Psychology of Aging > Sensory and Perceptual Changes > Flashcards

Sensory and Perceptual Changes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the general effects of aging on our senses

A
  • There is a general decline in acuity
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2
Q

Why does visual acuity decline with age

A
  • Some are normal changes that occur with time/age
  • Other’s can also be affected by several disorders that increase in prevalence with age, like cataracts
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3
Q

Sclera

A
  • White of the eye
  • Protects and support the eye
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4
Q

Cornea

A
  • Surface of the eyeball
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5
Q

Anterior Chamber

A
  • Space between the cornea and lens
  • Filled with aqueous humour, which is a water-like fluid
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6
Q

Iris

A
  • Changes the size of the pupil
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7
Q

Lens

A
  • Changes shape to focus light rays on the retina
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8
Q

Viterous Humour

A
  • Maintains shape of the eyeball
  • Gel like fluid
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9
Q

Retina

A
  • Layer of tissue at the back of the eye that converts light into electrical signals for the brain
  • Contains rods and cones
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10
Q

Rods

A
  • In the retina
  • Used for night vision
  • Eye contains around 125 million
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11
Q

Cones

A
  • In the retina
  • Used in the day for colour
  • Important for visual acuity/details
  • Eye contains around 6 million
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12
Q

The optic nerve

A
  • Bundle of nerves that carries visual information from the retina to the brain
  • Leaves the eye via the optic disc
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13
Q

The optic disc

A
  • Part of the retina at the back of the eye where the optic nerve begins
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14
Q

What happens to the cornea with age

A
  • The cornea becomes thicker and less curved
  • Can cause Arcus Senilis which is a gray ring that forms around the edge of the cornea due to fat lipid deposits deep in the edge of the cornea
  • Does not affect vision or need treatment
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15
Q

What happens to the anterior chamber with age

A
  • It gets smaller
  • The fluid may drain inadequately, causing intraocular pressure and possibly glaucoma
  • Doesn’t impair vision, so it doesn’t need much treatment
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16
Q

What happens to the iris and pupil with age

A
  • The iris colour fades
  • The pupil diameter decreases
  • Probably because the lens becomes thicker
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17
Q

What happens to the lens with age

A
  • Becomes less elastic, more dense, and more yellow
  • This causes changes in colour vision and farsightedness increases
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18
Q

What happens to the vitreous humour with age

A
  • Becomes more liquid
  • These loose cells can cause shadows/floaters in our vision
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19
Q

What happens to the retina with age

A
  • Vessels and capillaries narrow
  • Loss and change in chemical sensitivity of rods and cones
  • Can cause a decrease in visual acuity due to changes in refraction by cornea or lens
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20
Q

Implications of vision loss

A
  • Decreased accommodation ability meaning it’s harder to adjust to light and see
  • Less light admitted due to smaller pupils
  • Reduced number of rods and cones
  • Decreased light/dark adaption
  • Higher visual threshold meaning less light to stimulate receptors
  • Increased sensitivity to glare
  • Increased critical flicker fusion (how we can separate stimuli as different)
  • Decrease ability to see close objects
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21
Q

Cataracts

A
  • Lens becomes cloudy or develops opaque areas that block light from passing through
  • Usually causes blurry vision
  • Around 50% of Americans age 80+ have or have had cataracts
22
Q

Glaucoma

A
  • Leading cause of blindness
  • Usually caused by inadequate fluid drainage leading to damage of the optic nerve
  • May occur gradually or suddenly
23
Q

Macular Degenration

A
  • Tissue in the macula (in the retina) deteriorates and a blind sport forms in the center or from the outside and may cause other issues
  • One of the most frequent causes of vision loss in people aged 60+
24
Q

Leading causes of blindness in Canada

A
  • Cataracts
  • Age related macular degeneration
  • Glaucoma
  • Diabetic retinopathy
  • Cataracts being the most frequent
25
Q

Auditory changes in aging

A
  • Normal changes with age, like parts of the ear losing flexibility
  • Increased risks of disorders that result in hearing loss, like tinnitus
26
Q

Parts of the outer ear

A
  • Pinna: External ear
  • Auditory Canal
27
Q

Parts of the middle ear

A
  • Tympanic membrane: Eardrum
  • Eustchian tubes: From the throat
  • Ossicles: Malleus (hammer) is attached to the eardrum. Incus (anvil) bone in the middle of the chain of bones. Stapes (stirrup) attaches the middle to the inner ear
28
Q

What do ossicles do

A
  • Transmit sound vibrations from eardrum to oval window
  • Oval window make fluids in the inner ear vibrate, which stimulates auditory receptors
  • Tympanic reflex: muscles pull ossicles away from membranes when a lour noise occurs
29
Q

Bony labyrinth

A
  • Vestibule
  • Cochlea: Organ of corti containing hair cells
  • Semicircular canals
30
Q

Membranous Labyrunth

A
  • Interconnecting membranous ducts in the bony labyrinth
31
Q

How do we hear sound

A
  • The sound is channeled through the tympanic membrane to the pinna
  • The pinna captures the sound
  • The auditory canal funnels the sound to the eardrum
  • The eardrum vibrates with sound
  • Tubes equalize the pressure
  • Ossicles amplify the sound into the inner ear
  • To note, the pinna losses flexibility with age, so it’s harder to amplify sound
32
Q

Age related changes to hearing

A
  • The pinna lises flexibility and the cilia (hair) becomes stiffer
  • Tympanic oval window and round window membranes become less flexible
  • Calcification/hardening of ossicles
  • Lessened efficiency of the acoustic reflex
33
Q

Conductive hearing impairment

A
  • Something is interfering with transmission of sound through the middle ear
  • Ex: Ear wax or arthritic changes in ossicles
  • Ex: Small procedures or hearing aids can be used to treat this
34
Q

Sensorineural hearing impairment

A
  • Disorders of inner ear affecting transmission sound to auditory receptors or through auditory pathways
  • Ex: Presbycusis
  • Can be treated with hearing aids or surgery in worse cases
35
Q

Mixed type of hearing impairments

A
  • Both conductive and sensorineural impairments are occurring at once
36
Q

Risk factors for hearing loss

A
  • Aging/Heredity
  • Occupational noise
  • Recreational noise
  • Some medical issues
37
Q

Sound levels in decibels

A
  • Safe: 0-84
  • Risk Range: 85-119
  • Injury Range: 120+
38
Q

Implications of hearing loss

A
  • Difficulty understanding words
  • Personality changes
  • Hearing aids/other implants
  • 60% of those over 65 have hearing impairments
39
Q

Presbycusis

A
  • Hearing loss that occurs with age
  • Usually occurs in both ears
  • There are a few types
  • 30-35% of 65-75 year olds and 40-50% of those over 75 have this
40
Q

Sensory Presbycusis

A
  • Degeneration of organ of corti
  • Makes vibrations more difficult
41
Q

Neural Presbycusis

A
  • Loss of neurons of cochlea and higher auditory pathway
42
Q

Stiral/Metabolic Presbycusis

A
  • Atrophy of fibrous vascular cochlear tissue
  • So, the hearing part isn’t working well
43
Q

Mechanical Presbycusis

A
  • Affects basilar membrane of cochlea and makes things stiffer
44
Q

Tinnitus

A
  • Ringing, roaring, clicking, or hissing sound in the ears that can be severe enough to interfere with ADLs
  • Causes: hearing loss, exposure to loud sound, medications, allergies, tumors, or problems in the heart, blood vessels, jaw, or neck
45
Q

Ostosclerosis

A
  • Bilateral progressive hearing imparement caused by abnormal bone formation
  • Occurs in the oval window and eventually immobilizes the stapes
  • Interventions: hearing aids, surgery to replace the non-functionning stapes
46
Q

Why may couples have trouble hearing themselves

A
  • Men loose higher pitch sounds first like consonants
  • Women loose lower pitch sounds first like vowels
47
Q

How can speech be affected with age

A
  • Declines die to sensory problems like hearing loss and cognitive changes affecting things like processing speed
48
Q

Sensory Intergration

A
  • Adding a visual element can have people understand speech better
  • Ex: A video instead of a podcast
49
Q

Presbycusis and speech perception with aging

A
  • Declines in auditory acuity result in impaired language comprehension
  • Reduced high-frequency auditory acuity means that some sounds are affected more than others (high frequency is most affected first)
50
Q

How is driving influenced by sensory changes

A
  • Old people are more likely to crash and be hurt in a crash
  • Vision issues may be a problem
  • Hearing issues
  • Slower response time

PSY3128 - The Psychology of Aging (8 decks)

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