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Neuroanatomy > Sensory and Motor Circuits > Flashcards

Sensory and Motor Circuits Flashcards

1
Q

The descending long tracts carry…..

The ascending long tracts carry….

A

Motor info from the cortex

Sensory info to the cortex

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2
Q

If an axon is damaged, everything _____ to the lesion dies and all information destined for _____ parts is disrupted.

A

Distal and distal

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3
Q

The ventral posteriolateral nucleus of the thalamus receives information from ____ and projects to ____

A

Epicritic and protopathic sensation of the trunk and limbs

Postcentral gyrus

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4
Q

The ventral posteriomedial nucleus of the thalamus receives information from ____ and projects to ____

A

Epicritic and protopathic sensation of the head and neck

Postcentral gyrus

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5
Q

Name and define the 3 different types of sensation

A

Epicritic- 2-point discrimination, fine touch, vibration and position sense
Protopathic- pain and temperature
Proprioceptive- where your body part is

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6
Q

What are the 4 somatosensory circuits?

A

Lemniscal, Anterolateral, Spino-cerebellar and Trigeminal

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7
Q

The lemniscal system conveys ____ sensation from ____

A

Epicritic

Trunk and limbs

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8
Q

In the lemniscal system, axons from the lower trunk and limbs travel in the ____ and axons from the upper trunk and limbs travel in the _____ on the _____ side of the body. Both of these axon bundles are in the _____

A

Gracile fasciculus (lower body)
Cuneate fasciculus (upper body)
Ipsilateral (same) side of the body
Dorsal column of the spinal cord

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9
Q

In the lemniscal system, the fasciculi synapse in the ______ in the _____ at which point they cross to the other side (aka the ______) and are renamed the ________

A

gracile and cuneate nuclei respectively
In the medulla
Sensory decusation or internal arcuate fibers
Medical lemniscus

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10
Q

The medical lemniscus synapses in the ______ in the thalamus and may be carried to the ______ by third order neurons

A

VPL

Primary somatosensory cortex

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11
Q

Axons entering the lemniscal system are of ______ diameter whereas the axons entering the anterolateral system are of ____ diameter

A

Large

Small

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12
Q

In the anterolateral system, neurons synapse _______ and ascend in the ______

A 
almost immediately (and cross almost immediately too)
Anterolateral white matter of the spinal cord
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13
Q

Most axons of the anterolateral pathway synapse at ________ but some continue on to the ______ if they are destined for the primary somatosensory cortex

A

reticular formation

VPL of the thalamus

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14
Q

The anterolateral pathway conveys _____ sensation and a lesion would present as ______

A

Protopathic

reduced protopathic sensation on the opposite side of the body

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15
Q

Damage to the lemniscal system at the level of the gracile fasciculus would cause deficits on _____ side of the body. How about to the medial lemniscus?

A

Gracile fasciculus- ipsilateral

Medial lemniscus- contralateral

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16
Q

in the spino-cerebellar system, axons for the lower body enter via the dorsal roots and ascend as the _____. They synapse in the _____ and second order axons ascend as the _____

A

Gracile fasciculus
Dorsal nucleus of Clarke
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

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17
Q

Axons from the arm and upper trunk for the spino-cerebellar tract ascends via the ______ where they synapse in the _____ and then travel as the _____

A

cuneate fasciculus
accessory/lateral cuneate nucleus
cuneo-cerebellar tract

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18
Q

The spino-cerebellar tract conveys _____ sensation to the ______ side of the cerebellum. Both tracts enter via the ______

A

Proprioceptive
same
Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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19
Q

The trigeminal system conveys _____ sensation from the _____

A

epicritic, protopathic, and proprioceptive

face and neck

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20
Q

The epicritic neurons of the trigem system synapse in the ____ in the ____ and cross the midline to join the _____ to travel to the ____

A

chief sensory nucleus of Cr. V
Pons
medial lemniscus
VPM of the thalamus

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21
Q

A lesion to the epicritic system of trigem would cause symptoms on the ____ side if in the pons and on the ____ side if in the medial lemniscus

A 
Same= pons
Opposite= medial lemniscus
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22
Q

The protopathic neurons of the trigem system descend as the _____ and synapse in the ____. These neurons cross the midline and project to the ____. 3rd order neurons project to the ____

A

spinal tract of 5
spinal nucleus of 5
reticular formation
VPM of the thalamus

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23
Q

A lesion to the protopathic fibers of the trigem system in the medulla causes symptoms _____. In the reticular formation, causes _____

A

On the same side

On the opposite side

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24
Q

The pyramidal system is a ______ system with ______ cortical control. The brainstem-spinal system is a _____ system with _____ cortical control.

A

both are motor systems
Pyramidal- direct control
Brainstem-spinal- indirect control

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25
Q

The corticobulbar tract of the pyramidal system descends through the _____ and controls axons of the ____. A unilateral lesion here will cause ______

A

brainstem
cranial nerve nuclei
weakness of head and neck movement on the contralateral side for the Cr nerves rostral to the lesion

26
Q

The corticospinal tract of the pyramidal system controls ______. It descends through the brainstem on the same side; most axons cross in the ______ and continue as the ______. The axons that don’t cross form the ______

A

Motor neurons of the trunk and limbs
caudal medulla
lateral corticospinal tract
anterior corticospinal tract

27
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract controls ____ and the anterior corticospinal tract controls ______. Both tracts synapse with neurons in the _____

A

fine motor control and voluntary movements
axial muscles and postural muscles
ventral horn of the spinal cord

28
Q

Pathology of the corticospinal tract in the brainstem results in _____. Pathology in the spinal cord results in_____.

A

Lesion to the opposite side

Lesion to the same side

29
Q

The brainstem-spinal pathway is made up of 4 pathways. Name them and state what they control

A

tecto-spinal tract- orients head movements based on visual/auditory stimuli
reticulo-spinal tract- balance and posture
vestibulo-spinal tract- maintaining balance and posture; processing changes in head position
rubro-spinal tract- fine motor control (w/ corticospinal tract)

30
Q

The brainstem-spinal pathway originates in the ____. A lesion in the brainstem will cause _____. A lesion in the spinal cord will cause ______

A

brainstem
Pathology of the opposite side
Pathology of the same side

31
Q

For vision, axons of the _____ retina cross at the optic chiasm and axons for the _____ retina do not

A

Nasal cross

Temporal do not

32
Q

Axons from the retina can terminate in the….

A

LGN, superior colliculus, hypothalamus

33
Q

The temporal radiations convey _____ visual field info from the LGN to the _____ bank of the calcarine sulcus. Parietal radiations convey ______ VF info to the ____ bank.

A

Temporal- superior VF, inferior bank

Parietal- inferior field, superior bank

34
Q

The hypothalamus is important in…

A

circadian rhythms

35
Q

the superior colliculus is important in…

A

moving the head, eyes and axial muscles

36
Q

The pupillary light reflex begins when axons from Cr 2 bypass the LGN and synapse at the ______ of the ______ side

A

The edinger-westphal nucleus

the same and contralateral (bilateral innervation!)

37
Q

Pupillary light reflex: The EW nucleus sends off pregang paras which travel with ____ to the ciliary ganglion where they synapse and travel as short ciliary nerves to innervate the ____ muscle

A

Cr 3

Ciliaris

38
Q

Auditory deficits in 1 ear indicate…

A

damage to Cr. 8 or to the cochlear nuclei

39
Q

Auditory deficits in both ears suggest… because

A

damage to both Cr. 8s or bilateral temporal lobe damage

second-order neurons cross in the caudal pons so there is a lot of bilateral mixing of hearing

40
Q

Cr 8 carries auditory info from the cochlea to the _____ nucleus. From there, info heads to the _____ then ascends the brainstem in the _____ which terminates in the ____ which projects to the MGN via the ______. The information is then sent to _____ via the auditory radiations in the posterior limb of the internal capsule

A 
cochlear (dorsal and ventral)
superior olive
lateral lemniscus
Inferior colliculus
brachium of the inferior colliculus
Heschl's gyrus
41
Q

At what points does information cross in the auditory pathway? What impact does this have for a lesion?

A

At the superior olives (each cochlear nucleus projects to both superior olives) and at the inferior colliculi
To have hearing loss in 1 ear, a lesion must be in Cr. 8 or the cochlear nucleus on 1 side

42
Q

Possible loss of consciousness signals a _____ issue

A

Vascular

43
Q

Why does an UMN lesion cause hyperreflexia?

A

UMNs exert inhibitory control on LMNs so a UMN lesion causes hyperreflexia b/c of the loss of inhibitory control

44
Q

Cell bodies of the neurons in the corticospinal tract are located in the _______. Their axons pass through the ____ and the ______ to the medulla, where they cross as the pyramidal decusation

A 
Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)
Post limb internal capsule
Crus cerebri
45
Q

A patient with hemineglect (of the L side of the body) likely has a lesion in….

A

The R hemisphere, in the parietal lobule (corresponds to Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas in the L hemisphere)

46
Q

If both temporal visual fields are not present, this can only occur b/c of a lesion to …..

A

the optic chiasm

47
Q

What cranial nerves are responsible for the corneal reflex?

A

5 (sensation) and 7 (motor)

48
Q

What cranial nerve is involved in the jaw reflex?

A

5

49
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in the gag reflex? What else are they involved in?

A

9 and 10

Soft palate elevation

50
Q

The _____ abuts the optic chiasm so a tumor here can cause VF deficits (nonhomonymous temporal field)

A

pituitary

51
Q

What do finger-to-nose and heel-to-shin tests test for?

A

a cerebellar lesion

52
Q

What is Romberg’s sign? What does it tell you?

A

Have a patient stand up with feet together and close eyes. If normal, patient doesn’t wobble. If pt wobbles- if can correct balance by opening eyes-> posterior column disorder (i.e. proprioception)
If can’t correct by opening eyes -> cerebellar problem

53
Q

What is alexia? Damage to what areas can cause this?

A

A type of aphasia- inability to read because of damage to the angular gyrus which brings info from area 17 to Wernicke’s area
Note: damage must be bilateral to cause alexia b/c the splenium of the corpus callosum can still bring info to the working side with a unilateral lesion thus preventing alexia

54
Q

Transient visual loss signals transient ischemic attacks which suggests….

A

a stroke (as etiology)

55
Q

How is it possible that a patient cannot read but can write?

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are important for writing and they can be intact but the angular gyri could be affected bilaterally, affecting the pt’s ability to read

56
Q

Word deafness or the inability to recognize words as language is because of ….

A

a lesion to the auditory cortex

57
Q

Is alexia a deficit in language, cognition or memory?

A

Language. it’s a type of aphasia

58
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons in the lemniscal system located?

A

In the DRGs (dorsal root ganglia)

59
Q

The neurons in the anterolateral/spinothalamic system might ______ then cross over _____ before ascending into the brain stem

A

travel up or down 1-2 levels

almost immediately

60
Q

A VF deficit in the bottom L of your visual field (inferior temporal) signals a lesion….

A

in the top R-> parietal radiations on R side

think inverted and flipped

61
Q

The anterior nucleus of the thalamus receives input from the _____ and sends output to the ____ and is involved in ______

A

Mamillary bodies/hypothalamus
Cingulate gyrus
emotions

62
Q

The ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus are involved in _____. They receive projections from the ____ and project to _____

A

Motion
Cerebellum and globus pallidus
premotor cortex (and ventral lateral also projects to the precentral gyrus/primary motor cortex)

Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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