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Anatomy final > Sensory Anatomy > Flashcards

Sensory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Skin size/weight?

A

21 square feet

3lbs

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2
Q

Acne vulgaris

A

Blockage of hair follacle with dead skin or sebum (oil)

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3
Q

Types of skin sensory receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors (deformation) - typically encapsulated

Thermoreceptors (heat/cold) & Nociceptors (pain) – free endings

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4
Q

Receptive field

A

Area monitored by single neuron; cannot distinguish between stimuli within a single receptive field

Most of the body: 4cm diameter receptive fields

Fingertips: 1mm diameter receptive fields

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5
Q

Pain

A

Damage to free endings of nociceptors

Nociceptors are most common in body (4M)

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6
Q

2 types of pain meds

A

Prostaglandin blockers: reduce cellular signaling to peripheral nerves

Opiods: bind to receptors in the brain inhibiting pain signals

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7
Q

How many olfactory receptors?

A

6M; can detect 3-10M odors

Dogs have 300M receptors

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8
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Buds off forebrain, connects to limbic system

Limbic system: strong emotions, memories

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9
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

They are chemoreceptors, cilia directly exposed to environment; need replacement every 60 days

Chemicals are trapped in mucus and sensed by receptors

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10
Q

Traumatic anosmia

A

Temporary/permanent loss of smell due to shearing of the olfactory nerve endings at the cribiform plate;

misaligned regeneration can result in olfactory confusion

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11
Q

Purpose of external nose?

A

Moisture retention

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12
Q

How do food particles get to the olfactory receptors?

A

They are aerated and pass through the CHOANA

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13
Q

Tongue anatomy and innervation

A
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14
Q

Word for taste buds? 2 types of taste buds?

A

Fungiform – dominate the body, small, few buds

Vallate – dominate the root, large, many buds

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15
Q

Receptors within a tastebud?

A

60-100 chemoreceptors (gustatory cells) that react to certain molecules (salt, sugars, etc…)

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16
Q

How does the eye develop?

A
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Glaucoma

A

Blockage of the canals of Schlemm prevent drainage of aqueous humor, results in increased pressure in eye and loss of sight

19
Q

Intrinsic eye muscles

A

Constrictor and dilator pupillae

Ciliary muscle: Alters lense shape

20
Q

Cateracts?

A

Clumping and hardening of protein in the lens, leads to diffusion of light (hazy vision) and rigid lens (lack of clarity)

21
Q

Photoreceptors?

A

Rods (very sensitive– B&W) and cones (high resolution - color) located in the retina; high concentrations at the fovea

22
Q

Why is color vision evolutionarily important?

A

Identifying ripe fruit

23
Q

Color blindness?

A

Defect in certain cones

24
Q

Visual path of light?

A

Cornea -> Aqueous humor -> pupil -> lens -> vitreous humor -> retina(fovea) -> excitation of photoreceptors -> optic nerve

25
Q

Optic Chiasma

A
26
Q

Evolutionary benefit of binocular vision?

A
27
Q

Myopia and Hyperopia

A
28
Q

What’s the mammalian equivalent of the fish branchial arches?

A

Pharyngeal arches

29
Q

Ear development

A
30
Q
A
31
Q
A
32
Q

How does the ear protect from loud noises? (2 muscles)

A
33
Q

Inner ear?

A

Fluid-filled space that contains organs of hearing and balance (cochlea and semicircular canals)

34
Q

How does the Cochlea work?

A

Sound waves along the cochlea, stimulating vibrations of the tectorial membrane in the Organ of Corti, stimulating hair cells

35
Q

How are volume and pitch detected?

A

Pitch – determined by the diameter of the tympanic duct, causing localized vibration of the tectorial membrane by wave frequency

Volume – rate of stimulation, higher volumes = more rapid stimulation

36
Q

Hair cells (ear)

A

Mechanoreceptors; stimulated by vibrations of the tectorial membrane

37
Q
A
38
Q

Utricle & Saccule

A
39
Q

Otoliths

A

“Stones” - Embedded in the membrane above the hairs cells; mass of the “stones” amplifies gravity and accelerations

40
Q

Semicircular canals detect…?

A

Mechanoreceptors (hair cells) detect angular acceleration; 3 fluid-filled canals arranged orthogonally to each other, no otoliths

41
Q

Positional vertigo

A

Caused by dislodged otoliths entering a semicircular canal; dizziness, nausea; self resolves or is treated with series of motions

42
Q

Purpose of Auditory (Eustachian) tube?

A
43
Q
A

Anatomy final (7 decks)

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