Brain & Cranial Nerves

Question 1

Which 2 lobes are proportionally bigger for humans compared to other apes?

Answer 1

Frontal and Parietal

Question 2

Developmental precursor to skin & CNS?

Answer 2

Ectoderm

Question 3

Neurulation

Answer 3

1. Gene signalling from notochord causes rapid growth of nearby ectoderm
2. Thickening neural crest folds to form neural tube
3. Brain forms from cranial end of neural tube

Question 4

Brain differentiation? (3 main developmental structures -> corresponding adult structures?)

Answer 4

Question 5

What age does neural connectivity peak?

Answer 5

2 years old (via rapid dendrite growth)

Question 6

Synaptic pruning

Answer 6

Unused connections (dendrites) are pruned in adolescence

Continues (more slowly) in adulthood

Excessive pruning may cause schizophrenia

Question 7

Which 2 arteries supply the brain?

Answer 7

Carotid and vertebral

Question 8

Vertebral arteries

Answer 8

Question 9

What do external and internal carotid arteries each supply?

Answer 9

External: face and scalp

Internal: brain

Question 10

Internal carotid

Answer 10

Question 11

Circle of Willis

Answer 11

Circular arterial connection at the base of the skull; creates an anastomosis

Question 12

Anastomosis

Answer 12

Series of connections between blood vessels; provides redundant blood flow in case of blockage

Question 13

Brain aneurysm

Answer 13

Question 14

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 14

Question 15

Blood-brain barrier

Answer 15

Unlike most capillaries, brain vessels have tight junctions (no pores), limiting the passage of most substances to the brain.

Bacteria and fats can’t make it through to the brain

Question 16

What is the brain suspended in?

Answer 16

Cerebrospinous fluid

Fills the subarachnoid space; provides buoyancy and cushioning

Question 17

Where is CSF produced and stored?

Answer 17

Ventricles

A series of connected spaces/canals in the center of the brain

Question 18

arachnoid granulations

Answer 18

Question 19

Brain Veins?

Answer 19

Irregular shaped “sinuses”; drain into the internal jugular vein

Question 20

Dural Bands

Answer 20

Question 21

ALL Cranial Nerves!

Answer 21

Question 22

Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic in cranial nerves

Answer 22

Only parasympathetic (rest & digest) in 4 cranial nerves

Question 23

Cranial nerve mnemonic

Answer 23

Question 24

Which cranial nerves are in the cerebrum, midbrain, and hindbrain?

Answer 24

Question 25

Cranial Nerve motor vs. sensory mnemonic

Answer 25

Question 26

What does the olfactory nerve pass thru?

Answer 26

Cribiform plate of ethmoid

Question 27

What does the optic nerve pass through?

Answer 27

Question 28

What do CN III, IV, V^1, VI pass through?

Answer 28

Question 29

Eye muscle innervation

Answer 29

Question 30

Trigeminal (CN V) divisions?

Answer 30

Question 31

Trigeminal ganglion

Answer 31

Question 32

CN V^1: Ophthalmic division

Answer 32

Question 33

CN V^2: Maxillary division

Answer 33

Question 34

CN V^3: Mandibular division

Answer 34

Question 35

What do CN V^2 and V^3 pass thru?

Answer 35

Question 36

CN VII – Facial

Answer 36

Question 37

What does CN VII (Facial) pass thru?

Answer 37

Question 38

CN VIII

Answer 38

Vestibulocochlear:

Sensory – equilibrium (vestibular nerve); hearing (cochlear nerve)

Passes through the internal auditory meatus (with the facial nerve)

Question 39

CN IX – Glossopharyngeal function?

Answer 39

Question 40

What do CN IX, X, XI pass through?

Answer 40

Question 41

CN X (Vagus) functions?

Answer 41

Question 42

What does CN XII pass thru?

Answer 42

Question 43

Which parts of the face have which innervation?

Answer 43

Question 44

Tongue innervations? (4)

Answer 44

Question 45

Cranial nerve outlets in skull

Answer 45