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Biology161 > Sensory > Flashcards

Sensory Flashcards

1
Q

Define sensory biology

A

how animals detect, integrate, and respond to external and internal cues.

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2
Q

What do all receptors do?

A

they transduce incoming stimuli into changes in membrane potential

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3
Q

What are the 4 common steps involved in receptors?

A
  1. Receptor protein detects stimulus
  2. Opening/closing of ion channel
  3. Change in membrane potential
  4. Signal sent to integrating center (CNS)
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4
Q

What are the 2 types of sensory receptor cells? How are they different?

A
  1. Sensory neuron – Receptor protein is a part of the afferent neuron
  2. Epithelial sensory receptor cell – Receptor protein is in a separate Epithelial sensory cell that communicates w/ the afferent neuron
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5
Q

What is receptor classification based on?

A

stimulus location

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6
Q

What do Telereceptors detect? Give an example.

A

detect distant stimuli

ex. vision, hearing

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7
Q

What do Exteroceptors detect? Give an example.

A

detect stimuli on outside of body

ex. pressure, temperature

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8
Q

What do Interoceptors detect? Give an example.

A

detect stimuli on inside of body

ex. blood pressure, blood oxygen

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9
Q

What do Chemoreceptors detect? Give an example.

A

chemicals

ex. smell, taste

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10
Q

What do Mechanoreceptors detect? Give an example.

A

pressure and movement

ex. touch, hearing, balance, blood pressure

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11
Q

What do Photoreceptors detect? Give an example.

A

Light

ex. vison

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12
Q

What do Electroreceptors detect? Give an example.

A

Electrical fields

ex. guide hammerhead shark feeding

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13
Q

What do Magnetoreceptors detect? Give an example.

A

Magnetic fields

ex. sharks use Earth’s magnetic field for navigation

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14
Q

What do Thermoreceptors detect?

A

Temperature

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15
Q

What are polymodal/multimodal receptors?

A

receptors that are sensitive to multiple types of stimuli

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16
Q

Describe Ampullae of Lorenzini (in sharks)

A

small vesicles and pores that form part of an extensive subcutaneous sensory network system that can sense temp, touch, electricity, earth’s magnetic field

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17
Q

Describe the ampullae and the gel in the Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

Each ampulla is a bundle of sensory cells that are innervated by several nerve fibers, which are enclosed in a gel-filled tubule which has a direct opening to the surface through a pore.
Gel has electrical properties allowing temp changes to be translated into electrical info to help detect temp gradients

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18
Q

All stimuli are ultimately converted into ____

A

Action potentials in a primary afferent neuron

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19
Q

What 4 types of information must Sensory Receptors and Sensory Neurons encode?

A
  1. Stimulus modality
  2. Stimulus location
  3. Stimulus intensity
  4. Stimulus duration
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20
Q

Describe the mechanoreceptors used for hearing and balance.

A

Modified epithelial cells (not neurons)
Kinocilium (true cilium)
Stereocilia (microvilli)

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21
Q

What is the significance of stereocilia?

A

Movement of stereocilia causes a change in permeability of mechanosensitive ion channels (in stereocilia) to ions (usually K)

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22
Q

When hair cells are at rest, why is it partially depolarized instead of at a constant zero?

A

a base level of firing allows the ability to detect an increase and decrease of stimulus

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23
Q

What do hair cells detect?

A

body position and movement

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24
Q

What is a Neuromast?

A

Hair cells (stereocilia) embedded in cupula (gelatinous cap) -> detect water movement

25
Q

What is the Lateral line system?

A

an array of neuromasts within pits or tubes running along the side of the body

26
Q

What is a limitation of hair cells?

A

they can only detect one plane of motion

27
Q

What is the Lateral line in fishes used for?

A
  1. Swimming upstream (Rheotaxis) = most important
  2. Navigation around obstacles
  3. Detection of prey and predators
28
Q

What might you expect from a fish that relies only on lateral line system for prey capture?

A

widened lateral line canal
increased density of hair cells
–> increased sensitivity

29
Q

What’s unique about Cichlid fishes (genus Aulonocara)

A

have non-functioning eyes so they glide through water w/ mouth close to sand to detect slight water movements from prey moving in sand

30
Q

How does the lateral line system help in predator evasion?

A

Predator displaces water ahead of them (from swimming) so prey is hit by/detects the water first and has time to eascape

31
Q

What is Rheotaxis?

A

the process of swimming against a current

32
Q

Overall, what does the lateral line detect?

A

water movement and vibrations

33
Q

What is the function of vertebrate ears?

A

equilibrium and hearing

34
Q

What’s the advantage of having paired ears?

A

Permits stereophonic hearing (can detect depth)

35
Q

What makes up the outer (external) ear? Do all organisms have an outer ear?

A

Pinna
Auditory canal (external auditory meatus)
–> not in all vertebrates (absent in fish & amphibians)

36
Q

What makes up the middle ear? What is the purpose of the middle ear?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes
To transport and amplify sound to inner ear

37
Q

What makes up the inner ear?

A

Semicircular canals

Cochlea

38
Q

How do pit vipers and pythons detect infrared light? Why is it considered indirect detection?

A

thermal radiation is emitted as infrared -> pit organs detect temperature, so infrared detection is indirect (not a direct photochemical reaction)

39
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A
  1. Sclera
  2. Choroid
  3. Retina
40
Q

What is the Sclera?

A

outer layer (white part) of eye; formed by a tough capsule of connective tissue

41
Q

How is the eyeball rotated? Why is the accuracy so fine?

A

Extrinsic eye muscles attach to the sclera to rotate eyeball

There is a 1:1 muscle neuron to muscle fibers

42
Q

What is the Cornea?

A

Transparent part of sclera in front of eye

43
Q

How does the Cornea and Lens differ when in air vs. water?

A

air: cornea focuses light rays (light is refracted); lens does some fine tuning
water: cornea has similar refractive properties as water -> lens changes shape and thus focal length (focuses)

44
Q

What is the Choroid?

A

vascular, middle part of eye
provides nutritional support to the ocular tissue
pigmented; and in some vert can include reflective material (Tapetum lucidum)

45
Q

What is the Tapetum lucidum?

A

region of middle layer of eye (Choroid) that reflects visible light and increases light sensitivity (in nocturnal animals)

46
Q

What is the Iris?

A

a region of the middle layer of the eye (Choroid) that controls pupil size

47
Q

What is the Retina?

A

the innermost layer of the eye

photosensitive and contains 3 layers

48
Q

What two types of photoreceptor cells are in the eye? Where are they located?

A

Rods and Cones

in deepest layer of Retna

49
Q

Define Cones

A

photoreceptor cell sensitive to color in bright light

50
Q

Define Rods

A

photoreceptor cell sensitive to low level light but not color

51
Q

How many types of cones are found in vertebrates? In mammals? In humans? Why?

A

4 types of cones found in vertebrates (defined by opsin pigments)
Most mammals have 2 types(can’t contrast green, yellow, red – related to ancestral nocturnal lifestyle)
Humans/other apes have 3 types (diurnal lifestyle)

52
Q

What is unique about Anableps vision? Describe difference in opsin pigments.

A

Each pupil is divided into 2 (one in air has opsin pigments sensitive to green; one below water has opsin pigments sensitive to yellow)

53
Q

What is “Snell’s Window”

A

distortion when looking out of water due to refraction at water’s surface

54
Q

Describe Gecko vision?

A

Can see color at night
Retina has only cones (large, 350x’s more sensitive than human cones)
Multifocal system (can focus light of different ranges of wavelengths simultaneously)

55
Q

What is unique of Water Shrew sensory ability?

A

Can efficiently capture prey w/o eyesight (shown by no diff. in timing for capturing prey under lighted vs. infrared conditions)

56
Q

What is unique of Harbor Seal sensory ability?

A

can detect hydrodynamic trails produced by prey by using vibrissae to detect vibrations in water over long distances

57
Q

What are Vibrissae?

A

specialized hairs used for tactile sensation (whiskers) used to detect prey in many mammals

58
Q

Describe the structure of Vibrissae.

A

implanted in a special follicle sealed by a capsule filled with blood (blood moves and activates mechanoreceptors when whisker is bent to a side)

Biology161 (6 decks)

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