Integument

Question 0

What are some protective functions of the integument?

Answer 0

Exclude microbes and pathogens
Prevent abrasions to underlying tissues
Produces protective elements (bones, quills, toxins, horns, claws)
Helps to advertise unpalatability
Helps to conceal
Protect from solar radiation and moisture loss

Question 1

What are the general functions of the integument?

Answer 1

Protection 
Regulation and exchange
Nutrition
Locomotion
Sensory 
Communication

Question 2

What is another name for the hypodermis? What is it comprised of?

Answer 2

superficial fascia

comprised of loose connective & adipose tissues

Question 3

What is the epidermis derived from? Give some examples of what it produces.

Answer 3

From the ectoderm

ex. hair, feathers, baleen, claws, nails, horns, beaks, some scales

Question 4

What is the dermis derived from? Give some examples of what it produces.

Answer 4

From the mesoderm

ex. osteoderms and other dermal bone of reptiles

Question 5

What does the epidermis + dermis produce?

Answer 5

teeth, denticles, scales of some fish

Question 6

What makes up the stratum corneum?

Answer 6

Keratin (produced by keratinization of keratinocytes)

Question 7

What is the difference between alpha and beta-keratins? Give examples of each. What types are present in synapsids?

Answer 7

alpha is soft - flexible epidermal layers
beta is hard - hard scales, claws, beaks, feathers
Synapsids only have alpha keratins

Question 8

What is a callus?

Answer 8

An elaborated stratum corneum from constant mechanical stimulation

Question 9

What are some regulatory and exchange functions of the integument?

Answer 9

water balance
thermal balance
salt & ion balance
help to void metabolic wastes
involved in respiration

Question 10

Describe the integument of hagfish and lampreys.

Answer 10

no dermal bone or scales

epidermis contains numerous stacked layers of epidermal cells

Question 11

What are club cells? Where are they located?

Answer 11

unicellular gland that release alarm chemicals

located in epidermis (lamprey)

Question 12

What is a granular cell? Where are they located?

Answer 12

gland that contributes to the production of mucous layer

located in epidermis (lamprey)

Question 13

What is unique about Hagfish skin?

Answer 13

dermis contains slime glands. Thread protein encapsulates water.

Question 14

What is unique about Chondrichthyes skin?

Answer 14

dermal bone is absent but surface denticles (placoid scales) persist to reduce drag and thus increase speed.

Question 15

What is unique about Amphibian skin?

Answer 15

Skin is very thin & important for respiration.

Mucous and Poison glands in dermis

Question 16

What is unique about Tiger keelback snakes?

Answer 16

They can eat toads and store their poison in their own neck

Question 17

What is a Leydig cell? Where is it located?

Answer 17

Secretes substances that resist entry of bacteria or viruses. In the epidermis of Amphibians

Question 18

What are calluses called on male amphibians? What is their purpose?

Answer 18

Nupital pads – epidermal expansion to enhance grip on female during reproduction.

Question 19

What are Gastralia? Where are they found?

Answer 19

abdominal ribs (dermal bone). In reptiles

Question 20

What are Osteoderms? Where are they found?

Answer 20

(dermal bone) located under epidermal scales. Found in crocodilians, some lizards, & parts of turtle shells

Question 21

Where are integumental glands located in reptiles?

Answer 21

Limited to certain areas. ex. femoral glands of lizards

Question 22

Describe the integument of Birds.

Answer 22

Skin contains keratinized surface layer (stratum corneum)
Epidermal scales on legs and feet
Feathers

Question 23

Describe the different parts of a feather.

Answer 23

Calamus (quill) -> Barb -> Rachis -> Vane -> Spathe

Question 24

What are the four types of feathers? What are they specialized for?

Answer 24

Flight feather – for flight
Down feather – for insulation
Contour feather – aerodynamically shape body surface
Filoplume – specialized for display

Question 25

Describe the importance of the stratum corneum.

Answer 25

Diversity of vertebrate skin results mainly from stratum corneum; primarily responsible for minimizing dessication

Question 26

What type of animals is the stratum corneum extensive in?

Answer 26

Aminotes

Question 27

Surface keratinized cells are continually exfoliatedand replaced by cells produced in…

Answer 27

the stratum basale (deepest layer of epidermis)

Question 28

What are Chromatophores? Where are they from? Where are they carried?

Answer 28

They produce melanin. From neural crest and are deep in the epidermis. Carried to stratum corneum and hair.

Question 29

Describe what happens when you get a sun tan.

Answer 29

melanogenosus = increase in production of melanin.

Existing melanin is oxidized.

Question 30

What are the two hypotheses for the cause of Psoriasis?

Answer 30

1. Epidermal disorder: overproduction of keratinocytes

2. Immune disorder: excessive skin cell production is secondary

Question 31

Describe the size and density of setae in geckos. What does their size permit?

Answer 31

seate = up to 100 microns in lengt, stalks = 3 microns in diameter.
density = 1 million per mm^2
Size permits van der Waals adhesion.

Question 32

What is the function of baleen of whales?

Answer 32

to filter out zooplankton and small fishes

Question 33

In what type of fish is dermal bone prominent in?

Answer 33

Ostracoderm fishes

Question 34

What features of a Tick enhance its grasping ability? What disease might they carry?

Answer 34

Barbed mouth to grasp skin
Secrete liquid cementum to firmly grasp
Some have saliva that contain blood thinner
May carry Lyme Disease.