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Biology161 > Osmoregulation > Flashcards

Osmoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

Define Osmoregulation

A

maintenance of constant pressure by the control of water & salt concentrations

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2
Q

Define Interstitial fluid

A

bathes and surrounds the cells of vertebrates

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3
Q

Define Excretion

A

the removal of nitrogenous wastes & other byproducts of cellular metabolism

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4
Q

Define Defacation

A

the removal of undigested residues & bacteria from the digestive tract

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5
Q

Describe the relation of mammalian kidneys and blood

A

kidneys receive 20% of cardiac output and filter 180 L of blood/day

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6
Q

What is the treatment for kidney failure?

A

Dialysis (artificial kidney)

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7
Q

Describe the flow of blood coming from the dorsal aorta.

A

blood vessel -> uriniferous tubule (nephron and collecting tubule)

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8
Q

What makes up the Renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus + Renal capsule

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9
Q

What’s another name for the Renal capsule?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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10
Q

What regions make up the Nephron?

A

Proximal, Intermediate, Distal

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11
Q

What’s another name for the Collecting tubule?

A

Collecting duct

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12
Q

What two structural mechanisms increase filtration rate in the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. diameter of afferent arteriole > efferent arteriole

2. diffusion distance from capillaries to lumen of renal capsule is small

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13
Q

What organs communicate w/ the kidneys by producing enzymes?

A

Liver, lungs

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14
Q

What organs/systems communicate w/ the kidneys by releasing hormones?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal gland

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15
Q

What feature of the cardiovascular system communicates w/ the kidneys?

A

baroreceptors

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16
Q

Nephric ridge forms from the…?

A

intermediate mesoderm

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17
Q

Nephric tubules develop within the…?

A

nephric ridge

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18
Q

Nephrotome appears

A

embryonic forerunner of uriniferous tubule

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19
Q

What does the medial end of the nephrotome form?

A

Renal capsule

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20
Q

What connects the Nephrocoel to the coelom?

A

Peritoneal funnel (rarely present in adult vert.)

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21
Q

What does the lateral end of the nephrotome form?

A

Nephric duct

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22
Q

What makes up the Uriniferous tubule?

A

Nephric tubule, Nephric duct, Nephrocoel, Peritoneal funnel

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23
Q

Define Pronephros

A

Anterior region of nephric ridge (early vert.)

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24
Q

Define Mesonephros

A

Middle region of nephric ridge (fish)

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25
Q

Define Metanephros

A

Posterior region of nephric ridge (aminotes)

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26
Q

Ontogeny reveals…?

A

evolutionary history (phylogeny)

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27
Q

What does the metanephric duct (ureter) stem from? What does it form?

A

From base of mesonephric duct.

Forms adult kidney in aminotes

28
Q

Opisthonephros

A

meta + meso

adult fish and amphibians

29
Q

Water reabsorption is by ____ and can be coupled with ____

A

Osmosis; sodium reabsorbtion

30
Q

Water diffuses down ____

A

Concentration gradient

31
Q

Water moves from ____ to ____

A

low solute to high solute

32
Q

Water reabsorption follows ____

A

solute reabsorption

33
Q

What term describes normal blood volume?

A

Normovolemia

34
Q

What term describes high blood volume? What is it due to?

A

Hypervolemia; due to positive water balance

35
Q

What term describes low blood volume? What is it due to?

A

Hypovolemia; due to negative water balance

36
Q

Osmotic gradient is established by ____ in ____

A

counter-current multiplier in loop of Henle

37
Q

How is water gained (from greatest -> least daily). How much?

A

liquids; foods; metabolically produced

2550ml

38
Q

How is water lost (from greatest -> least daily). How much?

A

Urine; skin & lungs; feces; sweat

2550ml

39
Q

How is sodium gained. How much daily?

A

Food

10.5g

40
Q

How is sodium lost (from greatest -> least daily). How much?

A

Urine; feces and sweat

10.5g

41
Q

How is sodium balance reabsorbed?

A

Actively

42
Q

Sodium balance is freely filterable from glomerulus into…

A

Bowman’s space

43
Q

Sodium excreted = ____ - ____

A

Sodium filtered - Sodium reabsorbed

both actively controlled

44
Q

How many sodium receptors are in the body?

A

NONE

45
Q

How is sodium balance primarily regulated?

A

via Baroreceptors

46
Q

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate

47
Q

What is Aldosterone? What does it stimulate? Where is it produced?

A

A steroid hormone that targets cells in distal tubule and collecting duct.
Stimulates sodium reabsorption from urine.
Produced by adrenal cortex.

48
Q

What are the forms that vertebrates excrete nitrogen in?

A

Ammonia, Urea, Uric acid

49
Q

Describe Ammonia (Ammonotelism)

A

toxic

water soluble

50
Q

Describe Urea (Ureotelism)

A

less toxic than Ammonia
water soluble
relatively easy to form

51
Q

Describe Uric acid (Uricotelism)

A 
least toxic (compared to Ammonia and Urea)
not water soluble
difficult to form; discharged as paste
52
Q

Form of Nitrogen Excretion in: Teleost (fresh water & marine)

A

Ammonia, some urea

53
Q

Form of Nitrogen Excretion in: Elasmobranch

A

Urea

54
Q

Form of Nitrogen Excretion in: Larval Amphibian

A

Ammonia, some urea

55
Q

Form of Nitrogen Excretion in: Adult Amphibian

A

Urea, some ammonia

56
Q

Form of Nitrogen Excretion in: Reptile

A

Uric acid

57
Q

Form of Nitrogen Excretion in: Bird

A

Uric acid, urea in some species

58
Q

Form of Nitrogen Excretion in: Mammal

A

Urea, small amount of Ammonia, and sometimes Uric acid

59
Q

What is an Ionoconformer? Give an example.

A

exert little control over ion profile within the extracellular space
exclusively found in marine animals – ex. Hagfish

60
Q

What is an Ionoregulator? Give an example.

A

control ion profile of extracellular space

ex. most verts.

61
Q

What is an Osmoconformer? Give an example.

A

internal & external osmolarity similar

ex. hagfish, elasmobranchs

62
Q

What is an Osmoregulator? Give an example.

A

Osmolarity constant regardless of external environment

ex. most verts.

63
Q

Fresh water Osmoregulators are ____ to environment.

A

Hyperosmotic

64
Q

Salt water Osmoregulators are ____ to environment.

A

Hyposmotic

65
Q

Osmoconformers are ____ to environment

A

Isomotic

66
Q

What term describes the ability to tolerate a narrow range of external salinities?

A

Stenohaline

67
Q

What term describes the ability to tolerate a wide range of external salinities?

A

Euryhaline

Biology161 (6 decks)

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