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Im going to kill myself > Sensory > Flashcards

Sensory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Rate Adaptation?

A

Sensory receptors adapt based on how long the stimulus lasts. Some sensory receptors slow down after the stimulus has been applied for too long, allowing the body to adapt to new information.

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2
Q

What is Rapid Adaptation?

A

Sensory receptors adapt fast and then stop responding to the stimulus.

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3
Q

What is Slow Adaptation?

A

Sensory receptors respond slowly to the stimulus over time, so you feel the sensation for longer.

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4
Q

What sensory processes are related to Slow Adaptation?

A

Nociception (pain, temperature, itch) involves slow adaptation, meaning you feel these sensations for longer.

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5
Q

: What sensory process is related to Fast Adaptation?

A

Proprioception (body awareness) adapts quickly.

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6
Q

How might odors affect behavior?

A

Awareness of smells might be required for psychological effects. Odors can affect behavior even if you are not aware of them.

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7
Q

What effect might tears have?

A

Tears might act as a chemosignal, reducing arousal, testosterone, and aggression.

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8
Q

Is spiciness a taste?

A

: No, spiciness in foods is caused by capsaicinoids (such as capsaicin), which react with certain receptors in the body.

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9
Q

What receptors are activated by capsaicin?

A

: Capsaicin binds to TRPV1 receptors, which are activated by heat, pain, and capsaicin.

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10
Q

How do TRPV1 receptors work?

A

When TRPV1 receptors are activated, ions flow in, and the brain interprets the sensation as pain or heat.

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11
Q

What range of light can humans see?

A

Humans can see light within the visible spectrum of 400-700 nanometers.

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12
Q

What wavelength is associated with blue/violet light?

A

400 nanometers.

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13
Q

What wavelength is associated with red light?

A

700 nanometers.

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14
Q

How is light viewed?

A

Light is viewed as electromagnetic waves, which are oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other.

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15
Q

What is the unit for measuring pitch perception?

A

: Hertz (Hz), which represents cycles per second (high pitch or low pitch).

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16
Q

What is the unit for measuring the intensity of sound?

A

Decibels (dB), which measures loudness (e.g., loud or soft sounds).

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17
Q

What is timbre?

A

Timbre refers to the quality of a sound, defined by the mix of different sound frequencies.

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18
Q

What is the range of human hearing in Hertz?

A

Humans can hear from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz).

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19
Q

What is the threshold of hearing in decibels (dB)?

A

: 0 dB is the quietest sound a person can hear.

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20
Q

At what decibel level can sound cause pain?

A

Sounds above 120-140 dB can cause pain and are considered at the threshold of pain.

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21
Q

What is a fundamental frequency?

A

The lowest frequency (greatest common divisor) that defines the pitch of a sound. For example, with 50, 100, 200 Hz, the greatest common divisor is 50 Hz, so you hear 50 Hz.

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22
Q

What is the missing fundamental phenomenon?

A

When the fundamental frequency is absent, but your brain still perceives it. For example, if you hear 200, 300, 400 Hz, your brain perceives 100 Hz, even if it’s not present.

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23
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract do?

A

: Carries commands for movement of outer limbs and digits (distal muscles), such as arms and legs.

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24
Q

What does the anterior corticospinal tract do?

A

Carries commands for movement of the body’s midline (proximal muscles), such as shoulders and torso.

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25
Q

What do olfactory receptors detect?

A

hey detect volatile odorants, which can be dangerous. They allow us to recognize up to 1 trillion odors.

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26
Q

What are the two theories on how odorants interact with receptors?

A

Shape/docking theory: Chemical structure of odorants is important.
Vibrational theory: Vibrational energy is important.

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27
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

A

Rods and cones, located in the retina.

28
Q

What is the retina?

A

The retina is a light-sensitive area at the back of the eye.

29
Q

What is the fovea?

A

A small central pit in the retina responsible for central vision.

30
Q

What is the peripheral retina?

A

The areas farther from the fovea, responsible for peripheral vision.

31
Q

What are rods used for?

A

They function in low light conditions (scotopic conditions), such as night vision. Rods are more concentrated in the periphery of the retina.

32
Q

What is special about species active at night in terms of rods?

A

Species active at night have more rods.

33
Q

How do rods compare to cones in terms of numbers?

A

: Rods outnumber cones 20:1.

34
Q

What are cones used for?

A

Cones function well in light (photopic conditions) and are responsible for color vision and high acuity (sharp images

35
Q

What happens if cone function is impaired?

A

Cone dysfunction can result in color blindness.

36
Q

Where are cones located?

A

Cones are densely packed in the fovea, which is the central part of the retina.

37
Q

What is the taste map theory?

A

The idea that different papilla are in charge of different tastes. This theory was wrong and easily disproven.

38
Q

What is a supertaster?

A

A supertaster is thought to have smaller and more papilla. However, there is no evidence supporting this.

39
Q

What is gustotopic mapping?

A

: Taste information is processed in a map-like manner in the gustatory cortex (e.g., bitter, sweet, umami). Segregated maps are shown in rodents, but not in humans.

40
Q

Is there olfactoric mapping?

A

Not likely for olfaction. There is no homunculus mapping, and instead, there is a distributed map, where sensory inputs are encoded in wide areas.

41
Q

What is retinotopic mapping?

A

A topographic representation where certain parts of the visual field are reflected onto the visual cortex. Specific parts of the retina send signals to the corresponding part of the visual cortex.

42
Q

How is central vision mapped in the visual cortex?

A

Central vision from the fovea is processed by the central part of the visual cortex.

43
Q

How is peripheral vision mapped in the visual cortex?

A

Peripheral vision from the edges of the retina is processed by the outer parts of the visual cortex.

44
Q

What is tonotopic mapping?

A

Different pitches are mapped out in different regions of the auditory cortex.

45
Q

What is somatotopic representation?

A

A map of the body in the cortex, based on either the Homunculus Theory (different body parts mapped) or the Movement Repertoire Theory (different movements mapped).

46
Q

What is the Homunculus Theory?

A

The theory that different body parts are mapped out onto the cortex.

47
Q

What is the Movement Repertoire Theory?

A

The theory that different movements are mapped out onto the cortex.

48
Q

What is the Trichromatic Colour Theory?

A

The theory that color is detected by three types of cones in your eyes: S cone (blue), M cone (green), and L cone (red). These mix and match to perceive the full spectrum of colors.

49
Q

What is the Opponent Process Theory?

A

The brain processes colors in opposite pairs (red/green, blue/yellow, black/white). When you see one color, the other color is suppressed.

50
Q

What happens when a red cone is constantly stimulated?

A

The red cone gets exhausted, and the green cone becomes more noticeable.

51
Q

What is the Spectral Sensitivity Curve?

A

The eye’s physical response to how brightness affects color perception. Scotopic vision (rods) is more sensitive to shorter wavelengths (blue), and photopic vision (cones) is more sensitive to longer wavelengths (red).

52
Q

What is scotopic vision?

A

Vision under low light conditions, mediated by rods, which are more sensitive to shorter wavelengths like blue.

53
Q

What is photopic vision?

A

Vision under bright light conditions, mediated by cones, which are more sensitive to longer wavelengths like red.

54
Q

How do cones and rods compare in sensitivity to color?

A

In bright light, cones make yellow appear brighter than blue. In the dark, rods make blue appear brighter than yellow.

55
Q

: What is color constancy?

A

The perception of color remains the same even under different lighting conditions. The brain compensates for changes from the spectral sensitivity curve so the color of an object appears consistent.

56
Q

What is the Gate Control Theory of Pain?

A

The first neuron delivers the pain or touch signal to the spinal cord. The interneuron acts as a gatekeeper, allowing or inhibiting the signal before it reaches the spinothalamic tract. If the gate is open, the second neuron transmits the signal to the brain.

57
Q

What is the role of the Prefrontal Cortex in movement?

A

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for planning movements.

58
Q

What is the role of the Premotor Cortex in movement?

A

The premotor cortex is responsible for sequence organization of movements.

59
Q

What is the role of the Primary Motor Cortex (M1) in movement?

A

The primary motor cortex controls voluntary movements.

60
Q

What are Mirror Neurons?

A

Mirror neurons, found in the premotor cortex (or inferior parietal lobule in animals), activate when performing voluntary movements or when watching someone else perform those movements.

61
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia involved in?

A

The basal ganglia is a group of structures involved in coordinating movement. It includes the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra.

62
Q

What is the Direct Pathway in the basal ganglia?

A

The direct pathway facilitates movement by inhibiting the internal globus pallidus (GPi), reducing its inhibitory effect on the thalamus, which activates the motor cortex.

63
Q

What is the role of dopamine in the direct pathway?

A

The substantia nigra releases dopamine, which helps activate the direct pathway, making it easier to initiate movement.

64
Q

What is the Indirect Pathway in the basal ganglia?

A

The indirect pathway inhibits movement by increasing inhibitory signals to the GPi, which strongly inhibits the thalamus and reduces motor cortex excitation.

65
Q

: How does Parkinson’s disease affect the basal ganglia?

A

In Parkinson’s, there is a loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra, which impacts both the direct and indirect pathways, leading to either too much or too little movement.

66
Q

What is the role of the Cerebellum in movement?

A

: The cerebellum is involved in posture, coordination, and adapting learned movements (e.g., making adjustments in darts).

Im going to kill myself (3 decks)

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