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Im going to kill myself > lecture 1 nervous system and history > Flashcards

lecture 1 nervous system and history Flashcards

dont kill yourself

1
Q

Purpose of the nervous system

A

Guide and organize movement to get the things we need to survive

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2
Q

How many neurons are in the brain

A

90 billion

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3
Q

Neuron facts / why it’s important

A

Excitable: generates electrochemical properties (action potentials)
Neuron speed, integration, and precision
collective activity of neurons determines actions, behaviours and thoughts

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4
Q

Brain region - Visual distinction

A

Based on landmarks in the brain
E.g obifrontal gurus near orbital bone

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5
Q

Cytoarchitectural Distinction

A

Cell structure of neurons in different brain areas
E.G primary motor cortex has larger betz cells (neurons)

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6
Q

Functional Distinction

A

Brain regions defined by function

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7
Q

Genetic Distinction

A

Genetic markers —> There are different genetic profiles in different parts of the brain. It’s not practical since there’s almost 3000-5000 in the brain.

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8
Q

Ancient Egyptians believed

A

heart was more critical than the brain

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9
Q

Physicians believed (Hippocrates & Galen)

A

Brain damage was correlated to behavioural impairments (4 humours of the brain)

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10
Q

Aristotle believed

A

brain purpose was to cool blood

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11
Q

Religious views

A

Soul responsible for behaviours, soul is different than your body

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12
Q

Role of ventricles (1500s)

A

Ventricles (CSF filled cavities ) are what determine behaviour

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13
Q

Descartes Dualist Model (& pineal gland)

A

Body and soul are different, soul determines behaviour
Compatible with religion
Pineal gland is the mediator between mind and body
Machine (nervous system transmits info like machines)

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14
Q

Holistic view

A

Brain regions involved in ALL functions
No specialization of any region

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15
Q

Localized function view (explain + who came up with it, what was the research based on)

A

Franz Gall
Different regions of the brain have specific functions
Brain structure correlated with cognition in animals

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16
Q

Experience-dependent neuroplasticity

A

brain regions can change with use of their dedicated function

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17
Q

Phrenology

A

Brain areas related that are related to mental traits — increase the size in those traits
Changes in brain significant enough to deform cranium

18
Q

Flourens

A

effects of controlled legions on animals

19
Q

Fritsch and Hitzjg (zap)

A

Brain stimulation effects on the movement in dogs
Areas of the brain involved in motor movement

20
Q

Jackson (hierarchy processing)

A

Hierarchy of processing in the nervous system
Lower levels (basic functions)
Middle levels (sensory motor functions)
Higher levels (conscious thought)

21
Q

Link between brain damage and language impairment

A

Aphasia

22
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia damage

A

Located in the temporal lobe
Impacts language comprehension

23
Q

Brocas aphasia damage

A

located in the frontal lobe
Impacts speech production

24
Q

Evolutionary theory (who created it)

A

Darwin & Wallace
Natural section - traits there are good for evolutionary purposes

25
Q

Hereditary genius (who created it)

A

Galton
Anyone who’s a freak doesn’t deserve to reproduce

26
Q

Microposy and staining methods (NISSL STAIN)

A

Revealed neuronal structure and organization

27
Q

Father of modern neuroscience

A

Ramon Y Cajal
Advanced staining procedures done by camilo golfing to visualize the nervous system

28
Q

Neuron doctrine vs Reticular theory (disproven)

A

Neuron doctrine - nervous system is made out of individual cells
Reticular theory - everything is a single continuous network

29
Q

who proposed the synapse, and who confirmed it

A

Sherrington
confirmed by Palay

30
Q

Brodmann Map (what is it)

A

Studied neuronal structure obv in the cortex (size, density, and types) (cytoarchitecture)
All these cell groups are located in different areas
If different cell structure/properties affect functions, map of cell properties/structure could become a map of function
Assumption that structural difference = functional difference
52 regions

31
Q

Brodmann map (why it’s still important)

A

The map is still used in neuro imaging
Newer systems like TALAIRACH and MNI systems

32
Q

First neurotransmitter identified (which one and by who)

A

Otto Loewi
Acetylcholine

33
Q

People who identified characteristics of action potetials

A

Eccles, Hodgkin, Huxley

34
Q

Four reasons why animal research is employed

A

ethical perspective
(experimental design)
unethical to use on humans

Reductionist/Logistic Perspective
Animals nervous system simpler, easier to study
evolutionary perspective

Nervous system similarities between animals and humans explain behavioural similarities

Comparative perspective
Nervous system differences between animals/humans helps explain behavioural differences

35
Q

Limitations of animal models (3 of them) pp

A

cost is high (human research way cheaper)
Modelling human behaviours is challenging (behaviours like language can’t be investigated)
Ungeneralizable - drugs that work on animals don’t work on humans (about 20% of them work)

36
Q

Key features of a disorder model (animal) (3 of them)

A

Behavioural impairments similar to real disorder
Biological changes (within nervous system) similar to real disorder
Behavioural impairments/biological changes can be reversed by drugs that can treat the real disorder

37
Q

Faulton & Jacobsen “Becky” PFC lesion

A

Noticed effect of PFC damage in animals
Becky became more docile after injury

38
Q

Moniz belief on PFC lesion

A

Believed it could cure mental illness.

39
Q

Lobotomy impacts

A

Performed on large population unconsensuallg
Marginalized groups, esp women >60%

40
Q

Mistakes in lobotomy

A

experimental method wasn’t used
animal case study generalized
species difference not considered
limited follow up
individual rights ignored

Im going to kill myself (3 decks)

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