Senses- Test 9 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the Five senses
A
Touch
Tearing
Sight
Taste
Smell
2
Q
Funcyion of chemoreceptors
A
Detect Oxygen/ph and some organic molecules
3
Q
Mechanoreceptors detect
A
Pressure
Vibration
Acceleration
Sound
4
Q
Cell stretch is detected by
A
Osmoreceptors
5
Q
Difference between photoreceptors and thermorecepetors
A
Photo- photons of light
Thermo- degree of heat
6
Q
Pain and noxious stimuli are detected by
A
Nocireceptors
7
Q
Four types of stimuli
A
Visual
Auditory
Olfactory
Gustatory
8
Q
List examples of disease of eye
A
Diabetic retinopathy
Cataracts
Colour blindness
Dry eye
Glaucoma
9
Q
What is the difference between normal retina and diabetic retinopathy
A
Diabetic has haemorrhages with abnormal growth of blood vessels
Aneurysms cotton wool spots
10
Q
Describe the difference between sense and perception
A
Sense is physicochemical, process of sensing environment
Perception is psychological a way of interpreting these signals
11
Q
List the process of interpreting info
A
Sensory process project to thalamus
Thalamus relays to visual cortex
Outer region of cerebral cortex linked to visual function
12
Q
List the functions of thalamus
A
Act as translator
Inputs processed here
Sense info relayed to the cerebral cortex
13
Q
What is rubins vase
A
Cognitive optical illusion of mental choice of two interpretations
14
Q
Explain the figure ground concept
A
Concept where its impossible to interpret two images at the same time
15
Q
Explain the motion after effect
A
Staring consistently at movement in particular direction adapts your visual neurone encoding one motion direction.
As a result stationary scene look like moving
16
Q
In the absence of image motion neurons, what will happen after staring at moving object
A
Equal response, when looking away, picture will look still rather than moving
17
Q
What are the 3 concentric layers of eye
A
Outer layer- cornew
Middle iris ciliary body
Inner layer - retina
18
Q
Function of outer layer
A
Cornea & sclera
Cornea protective epi layer
Sclera tough connective tissue know as white of eye
19
Q
Function of middle layer
A
Iris and ciliary body made of ciliary muscle and process.
Choroid beneath sclera absorbing light and prevents reflection
20
Q
Function of inner layer
A
Retina containing photoreceptors
21
Q
Role of lens
A
Convex shaped lens bend light to focus on retina
- Lens =Light
-muscle = far/close*
22
Q
Role of ciliary muscle
A
-**Change lens shape ***
by relaxing and contracting muscle
23
Q
Role of sclera
A
White connective tissue
24
Q
Role of retina
A
Contain photoreceptors
25
Role of fovea
Central point of the retina
26
Role of optic disk
Blind spot where optic nerve and vessels leave
27
Complete the sentence
In normal vision, light from image focused by lens
Falls on back of retina and image seen in focus
28
What happens to light before striking on retina
Modified
29
How is light modified before striking retina- describe in detail
First modulated by pupils (bright narrow/ dark open)
Second accommodation- lens changes shape to adjust refractive power so image focuses
30
Compare how the ciliary muscle contracts and relaxed in relation to objects
Ciliary muscle contracts - lens rounded to focus close objects
Ciliary muscle relaxed - lens elongated to visualise fat objects
31
The iris consists of 2 smooth muscle, explain how they change and their nervous stimulation
Inner circular - constriction - parasympathetic stimulation
Outer radial- dilation- sympathetic stimulation
32
Pigments in the eye are caused by what
Melanocytes
33
Which nervous system control accommodation mechanisms
Parasympathetic
34
What happens to the eye when there is NO parasympathetic stimulation
Ciliary muscle relaxed
Lens flattened
Ligaments pulled tight
35
What happens to the eye when THERE IS parasympathetic stimulation
Ciliary muscle contracts
Lens round
Ligaments slackened
36
Describe the pupil reflex
Consensual response used to asses integrity of sensor and motor function
37
In response to the pupil reflex, what will happen when light is exposed to one eye
Both pupils constrict
38
In response to pupil reflex, what would happen in an abnormal situation when light is shone in one eye
Second eye does not respond- sign of ocular motor nerve damage
39
What are the two visual fields and what are they responsible for
Binocular field- left and right field overlap
Monocular - visual field for one eye
40
How is image projected
Upside down on retina and brain reverses image
41
What are the 3 layers of retina and what are they responsible for
Inner - ganglions
Middle- bipolar
Outer- photoreceptors rods and cones
42
Explain reverse layer order
Light pass through inner and then middle and blood before photoreceptors
43
In relation to vision, state function of rods and cones
Rods black and white
Cones colour
44
In relation to abundance in retina state difference between rods and cones
Rods higher abundance than cones in retina
45
In relation to concentration in retina state difference between rods and cones
Rods highest conc in periphery of retina
Cones highest conc in fovea
46
In relation to acuity, state difference between rods and cones
Rods low visua acuity
Cones high visual acuity
47
In relation to convergence with bipolar cell state the difference between rods and cones
Rods- high convergence with bipolar cell
Cones- low
48
In relation to light conditions, describe the difference between rods and cones
Rods low light
Cones high light
49
In relation to sensitivity describe the diff between rods and cones
Rods high sensitivity
Cones low sensitivity
50
State the ration between bipolar cells AND
Rods
Cones
3 rods / 1 bipolar cell
1 cone/ bipolar cell
51
Describe what happens when rods are stimulated
In response to low light, rods stimulated, infor pooled and convergence
52
Complete sentence…
Signal summation leads to
Weak stimuli detection
53
Rods have…
High sensitivity
Low resolution
54
Explain first process of transduction
Light absorbed by photopigments
Rods - rhodopsin
Retinal - opsin
Cones- red green blue
55
Explain process of rhodopsin bleaching
Retinal absorbs light, changes shape + release opsin
Rhodopsin destroyed by bright light
56
When rhodopsin is destroyed by bright light, what makes new disks
Photorecptors
57
Three types of colour blindness
Tritanopia
Deuteronpia
Propanolia
58
Defects in tritanopia
S cone
Blue yellow defect
59
Defects in deutronpia
M cone defect green yellow red
60
Defects in propanolia
i cone
Green yellow red defect with reduced intensity
61
How many cranial nerves does the eye have
6
62
Optic nerve functions
Nerve 2
Sense incoming images and light disples on retina
Send infor to cerebral cortex
Autonomic - change pupil size
63
Oculomotor nerve 3 functions
Motor innervation of extraocular muscle
Autonomic- constriction of muscle
64
Trochlear nerve 4
Motor innervation
Only innervates superior oblique muscle
65
Trigeminal 5
3 branches-
Opthalmic sensory innervation of eye
Afferent part of corneal
Lacrimation reflex
66
Abductees nerve 6
Innervate 1 muscle
Lateral rectus
67
Facial nerve 7
Eye closure
Blinking by motor innervation of orbicularis oculi muscle
Sensory efferent outpu for corneal & lacrimation reflex of eye
68
How many muscles does eye have
6
69
Superior oblique
Downward and outward movement
70
Superior rectus
Upward movement
71
Lateral rectus
Outward movement
72
Medial rectus
Inward movement
73
Inferior rectus
Downward movement
74
Inferior oblique
Upward and outward movement
75
List the different layers of the skin in order
Epidermis
Dermis
Fat
76
Example of diseases of the skin
Roscaea
Acne
Eczema
Melanoma
77
Summarise the function of the skin
Protection- bio/chem/physical
Thermoregulation
Sensory
Vitamin d
Excretion of waste products
78
Absence of skin will result in
Extreme water loss
79
Explain how the layers of the skin are presented
Epidermis Superficial
Dermis. Deep layer
Hypodermics. Deepest layer with loose connective and adipose tissue
80
List the layers of the epidermis in order
Cornem
Lucidem
Granulosm
Spinosum
Basale
81
Function of cornem
Superficial layer
Withstand damage
Non nucleated and fulled with squames
82
What are squames
Soft keratin filaments
83
Explain lucidem
Clear layer
Between granulosm and cornem
Has keratin and devoid of nuclei
84
Explain granulosm
Granular layer
Become flattened from spinosum
Form 2-3 layers of pyknotic cells
85
What is pyknosis
Apoptosis and necrosis causing nuclear material to condense
86
Explain spinosum
Come from basale
Post mitotic cells
4-6 layers of cuboidal flattened cells
87
Explain basale/ germinatium
Continuous mitosis
Stem cells
Containf melanocytes
Act as dermi epidermal junction
88
How are cells of stratum basale held
Anchored to adjacent cells via desmosomes and to basement via hesmisdosomes
89
What are keratinocytes
Squamous epithelial cella originating from basal stem cells continuously maturing from basal to corneum and desquamate
90
What are melanocytes
Synthesise melanin that gives colour and protects from UV light
91
What are langerhan cells
Antigen presenting cells
92
What are merkel cells
Mechanoreceptors
93
Recall the steps of keratinisation in order
Dermis basale
Spinosum
Granulosm
Lucidem
Corneum
94
What does the dermis contain
Collagen & elastic fibres held by glycoproteins and glycoaminoglycans
95
Describe how the connective tissue is made for function
Strong enough but allows epidermal appendages neurovasculture and lymphatics to pass through
96
Recall the cell types in the dermis
Permanent - muscle wnd nerves
Migratory Immune
97
What is the subcutaneous tissue called
Hypodermis
98
What rests on the hypodermis
Dermis
99
Role of the dermis
Superficial facial sheath with adipose tissue
100
Role of the dermis
Superficial facial sheath with adipose tissue
101
Whats the role of the dermis
Superficial facial sheath with adipose tissue
102
Role of fascia
Reduce friction between dermis and deeper musculature
103
Role of adipose tissue
Thermoregulatory mechanism as well as disperse forces
104
What holds the hair
Hair follicle
105
Role of papilla
Provide blood and nerve supply for growing hair
106
What does each hair have
Sebaceous gland and 2 pili muscle
107
Function of hair
Protection and sensing
108
Psoriasis
causes
Chronic
Adults
Gene’s environment and autoimmune
109
Eczema condition
Transient
Children
Genes
Environemnt
Allergies
110
What are cytokines peoduced by
Immune system and keratinocytes
111
Explain the process of skin inflammation
Dendrites stimulate t cells
T cells activate keratinocytes
Keratinocytes activate cytokines, chemokine and antimicrobial properties
Leads to dysregulated proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes
112
Types of wound healing
Inflammatory
Proliferation
Remodel
113
Role of peripheral mechani receptors
Detect displacement / velocity and acceleration of skin and internal organs
Provide info about location duration and intensity of stimulus
114
What are mechanoreceptors important for
Social
Manual dexterity
Locomotion
115
From mechanoreceptors, where is info relayed to
Thalamus
116
Explain the term adaptation of skin receptors
Tendency of receptor to respond less strongly to a sustained stimulus
117
Example of slow adapting and where rheyvare found
Merkel discs
Tips of fingers
Ruffini endings
Subcutaneous and connective nerve tissue- stretching
118
Example of rapidly adapting and where theyre found
Adapt quickly
Hair follicle
Sense fine movements of hair on skin
119
Function of pacinian corpuscle
Mechanoreceptors sensitive to mechanical pressure and vibration
120
Where does pacinian corpuscle exist
All over
Within joints
Periosteum
Connective tissue
Internal organs
121
Explain the structure of pacinian corpuscle
Concentic lamellar extending from schwann cell
Separated by small saca filled with lymph like fluid
122
Recall information about meiseen corpuscle receptors
Tactile corpuscles
Found in dermal papillae of hairless skin
Nerve endings sensitive to light pressure
Manipulate fine objects with precision
123
Complete sentence
Hairy skin can be
Both hairy or glabrous
Mechanoreceptors found in both
124
True or false
Merkel is involved with fine touches throughout body
False
125
Causes of psoriasis
Trauma
Drugs
Infections activate T cells in basale and spinosum
As result cytokines UPregulate cell cycle of ketatinocytes= epidermis sheds every 4 days instead of 26
126
What type of disease is albinism
Congenital or acquired disease due to hypo/hyper pigmentation
127
Causes of albinism
Absence of pigment due to abnormalities of tyrosinase needed for melanin production
128
What can albinism also lead to
Lack colour in iris
Photophobia
Increase risk of cancer
129
Seb glands responsible for
Discharge of oily secretion s
Sebum production
130
Keratinocytes
Most abundant
131
Langerhans
Melaonsytes
Adipocytes
Merkel
Present
Epidermis
132
How is vitamin d absorbed
Epidermis under influence of uvb
133
List examples of ear diseases
Noise induced hearing loss
Wax
Tiniitus
Menieres disease
134
Recall the two sensory physiologies
Sensation- processing of environment - physicochemical
Perception- interpret- psychological
135
What dies the thalamas act as
Translator, inputing processed signals, relaying info to cerebral cortex
136
What are sound waves
Air molecules put into motion
Travelling wave of oscillating pressure
137
Define sound
Pressure disturbance originating from vibrating object
138
Hows pitch measured
Wavelength and frequency
139
How loudness measured
Amplitude and intensity
140
Relationship between frequency and pitch
High frequency
Hugh pitch
141
How does brain tranlsate frequency
Into pitch
142
What is the ear canal sealed to
Tympanic membrane
143
Describe the tympanic membrane
Thin translucent commective tissue
Aka ear drum
144
Where is eustachain tube connected to
Pharynx
145
Describe middle ear
Small air filled mucosa lined cavity with bony boundaries
146
List the 3 bones in ear
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
147
Role of eustachian tube
Opens transiently to allow pressure reequibilration
148
What will happen if pressure is unequal in ear
Rupture of tympanic membrane
149
Infection of otitis media aka…
Middle ear infection
Glue ear
Bacteria trapped
Middle ear bone damaged
Invade the cochlea
150
Three types of hearing loss
Conductive
Sensoineural
Central
151
Conductive hearing loss
Sound XXX transmitted from external to middle ear= tympani XXX vibrate
Ear wax
Otitis media
Perforated ear drum
Disease trauma=otosclerosis= hardening of ossicles
152
Types of sensoineural hearing loss
Hair less damage
Noise damage
Inflammation damage
153
Central hearing loss
Neural pathway damage
Comgenital
Stroke
Trauma
154
Types of tinnitus
Objective- hear sound emitted from ear
Subjective only heard by affected person
155
Role of inner ear
Fluid filled , oval window keeps fluid separate from air folled sacs, located deep with temporal bine behind eye socket
156
2 sections of inner ear
Bony labrynth- complicated maze filled with fluid
Membrane tube- surrounded by endolymph fluid
157
3 major structures of ear
Cochlea- sensory
Vestibule& semicircular canal- sensory transducer for equilibrium function
Branches of cranial nerve- inner ear to brain
158
Structure and function of organ of coti
3 rows of inner hair& 1 row of inner hair
Vibrate bc of sound waves= band stereo cilia via electromechanical force
159
Perception of loudness
+ intensity=+ loudness=+ vibrations if basilar membrane=+ bending of stereocilia=+ no of k channels=+ generator potential=+ neurotransmitter release =+ frequency of AP
160
Louder noise ====
Increase of action potential
161
What can humans hear
12-20,000
Linked to age
Old age harder to hear +++ frequency
162
High frequency ==
Xx transmit far= maximum displacement of basilar membrane @ oval window
163
Low frequency==
Transmit further= max displacement @ bas membrane @ distal helicotrema
164
Distal end hair activated
Low pitch
165
Hair calle activated by
High pitch
166
Spatial coding
Differential response due to spatial coding
167
Sensory perception involves
Cochlear
Auditory complex
168
CN VIII is also known as
Auditory nerve
169
Role of vestibulary system
Maintain balance via vestibulocochlear nerve
170
Sacs in the vestibular labrynth
Utricle and saccule
171
Vestibular labrynth can also be known as
Organ for balance
172
Cochlear labrynth can also be known ad
Organ for hearing
173
Hearing is..
Our perception of sound
