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PJ1311 Semester 2 > Senses- Test 9 > Flashcards

Senses- Test 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Five senses

A

Touch
Tearing
Sight
Taste
Smell

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2
Q

Funcyion of chemoreceptors

A

Detect Oxygen/ph and some organic molecules

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3
Q

Mechanoreceptors detect

A

Pressure
Vibration
Acceleration
Sound

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4
Q

Cell stretch is detected by

A

Osmoreceptors

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5
Q

Difference between photoreceptors and thermorecepetors

A

Photo- photons of light
Thermo- degree of heat

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6
Q

Pain and noxious stimuli are detected by

A

Nocireceptors

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7
Q

Four types of stimuli

A

Visual
Auditory
Olfactory
Gustatory

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8
Q

List examples of disease of eye

A

Diabetic retinopathy
Cataracts
Colour blindness
Dry eye
Glaucoma

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9
Q

What is the difference between normal retina and diabetic retinopathy

A

Diabetic has haemorrhages with abnormal growth of blood vessels
Aneurysms cotton wool spots

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10
Q

Describe the difference between sense and perception

A

Sense is physicochemical, process of sensing environment
Perception is psychological a way of interpreting these signals

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11
Q

List the process of interpreting info

A

Sensory process project to thalamus
Thalamus relays to visual cortex
Outer region of cerebral cortex linked to visual function

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12
Q

List the functions of thalamus

A

Act as translator
Inputs processed here
Sense info relayed to the cerebral cortex

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13
Q

What is rubins vase

A

Cognitive optical illusion of mental choice of two interpretations

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14
Q

Explain the figure ground concept

A

Concept where its impossible to interpret two images at the same time

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15
Q

Explain the motion after effect

A

Staring consistently at movement in particular direction adapts your visual neurone encoding one motion direction.
As a result stationary scene look like moving

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16
Q

In the absence of image motion neurons, what will happen after staring at moving object

A

Equal response, when looking away, picture will look still rather than moving

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17
Q

What are the 3 concentric layers of eye

A

Outer layer- cornew
Middle iris ciliary body
Inner layer - retina

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18
Q

Function of outer layer

A

Cornea & sclera
Cornea protective epi layer
Sclera tough connective tissue know as white of eye

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19
Q

Function of middle layer

A

Iris and ciliary body made of ciliary muscle and process.
Choroid beneath sclera absorbing light and prevents reflection

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20
Q

Function of inner layer

A

Retina containing photoreceptors

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21
Q

Role of lens

A

Convex shaped lens bend light to focus on retina

- Lens =Light
-muscle = far/close*

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22
Q

Role of ciliary muscle

A

-**Change lens shape ***

by relaxing and contracting muscle

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23
Q

Role of sclera

A

White connective tissue

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24
Q

Role of retina

A

Contain photoreceptors

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25
Q

Role of fovea

A

Central point of the retina

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26
Q

Role of optic disk

A

Blind spot where optic nerve and vessels leave

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27
Q

Complete the sentence

In normal vision, light from image focused by lens

A

Falls on back of retina and image seen in focus

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28
Q

What happens to light before striking on retina

A

Modified

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29
Q

How is light modified before striking retina- describe in detail

A

First modulated by pupils (bright narrow/ dark open)
Second accommodation- lens changes shape to adjust refractive power so image focuses

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30
Q

Compare how the ciliary muscle contracts and relaxed in relation to objects

A

Ciliary muscle contracts - lens rounded to focus close objects
Ciliary muscle relaxed - lens elongated to visualise fat objects

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31
Q

The iris consists of 2 smooth muscle, explain how they change and their nervous stimulation

A

Inner circular - constriction - parasympathetic stimulation

Outer radial- dilation- sympathetic stimulation

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32
Q

Pigments in the eye are caused by what

A

Melanocytes

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33
Q

Which nervous system control accommodation mechanisms

A

Parasympathetic

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34
Q

What happens to the eye when there is NO parasympathetic stimulation

A

Ciliary muscle relaxed
Lens flattened
Ligaments pulled tight

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35
Q

What happens to the eye when THERE IS parasympathetic stimulation

A

Ciliary muscle contracts
Lens round
Ligaments slackened

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36
Q

Describe the pupil reflex

A

Consensual response used to asses integrity of sensor and motor function

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37
Q

In response to the pupil reflex, what will happen when light is exposed to one eye

A

Both pupils constrict

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38
Q

In response to pupil reflex, what would happen in an abnormal situation when light is shone in one eye

A

Second eye does not respond- sign of ocular motor nerve damage

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39
Q

What are the two visual fields and what are they responsible for

A

Binocular field- left and right field overlap
Monocular - visual field for one eye

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40
Q

How is image projected

A

Upside down on retina and brain reverses image

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41
Q

What are the 3 layers of retina and what are they responsible for

A

Inner - ganglions
Middle- bipolar
Outer- photoreceptors rods and cones

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42
Q

Explain reverse layer order

A

Light pass through inner and then middle and blood before photoreceptors

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43
Q

In relation to vision, state function of rods and cones

A

Rods black and white
Cones colour

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44
Q

In relation to abundance in retina state difference between rods and cones

A

Rods higher abundance than cones in retina

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45
Q

In relation to concentration in retina state difference between rods and cones

A

Rods highest conc in periphery of retina
Cones highest conc in fovea

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46
Q

In relation to acuity, state difference between rods and cones

A

Rods low visua acuity
Cones high visual acuity

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47
Q

In relation to convergence with bipolar cell state the difference between rods and cones

A

Rods- high convergence with bipolar cell
Cones- low

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48
Q

In relation to light conditions, describe the difference between rods and cones

A

Rods low light
Cones high light

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49
Q

In relation to sensitivity describe the diff between rods and cones

A

Rods high sensitivity
Cones low sensitivity

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50
Q

State the ration between bipolar cells AND
Rods
Cones

A

3 rods / 1 bipolar cell
1 cone/ bipolar cell

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51
Q

Describe what happens when rods are stimulated

A

In response to low light, rods stimulated, infor pooled and convergence

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52
Q

Complete sentence…
Signal summation leads to

A

Weak stimuli detection

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53
Q

Rods have…

A

High sensitivity
Low resolution

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54
Q

Explain first process of transduction

A

Light absorbed by photopigments
Rods - rhodopsin
Retinal - opsin
Cones- red green blue

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55
Q

Explain process of rhodopsin bleaching

A

Retinal absorbs light, changes shape + release opsin
Rhodopsin destroyed by bright light

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56
Q

When rhodopsin is destroyed by bright light, what makes new disks

A

Photorecptors

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57
Q

Three types of colour blindness

A

Tritanopia
Deuteronpia
Propanolia

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58
Q

Defects in tritanopia

A

S cone
Blue yellow defect

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59
Q

Defects in deutronpia

A

M cone defect green yellow red

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60
Q

Defects in propanolia

A

i cone
Green yellow red defect with reduced intensity

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61
Q

How many cranial nerves does the eye have

A

6

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62
Q

Optic nerve functions

A

Nerve 2
Sense incoming images and light disples on retina
Send infor to cerebral cortex
Autonomic - change pupil size

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63
Q

Oculomotor nerve 3 functions

A

Motor innervation of extraocular muscle
Autonomic- constriction of muscle

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64
Q

Trochlear nerve 4

A

Motor innervation
Only innervates superior oblique muscle

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65
Q

Trigeminal 5

A

3 branches-
Opthalmic sensory innervation of eye
Afferent part of corneal
Lacrimation reflex

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66
Q

Abductees nerve 6

A

Innervate 1 muscle
Lateral rectus

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67
Q

Facial nerve 7

A

Eye closure
Blinking by motor innervation of orbicularis oculi muscle
Sensory efferent outpu for corneal & lacrimation reflex of eye

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68
Q

How many muscles does eye have

A

6

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69
Q

Superior oblique

A

Downward and outward movement

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70
Q

Superior rectus

A

Upward movement

71
Q

Lateral rectus

A

Outward movement

72
Q

Medial rectus

A

Inward movement

73
Q

Inferior rectus

A

Downward movement

74
Q

Inferior oblique

A

Upward and outward movement

75
Q

List the different layers of the skin in order

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Fat

76
Q

Example of diseases of the skin

A

Roscaea
Acne
Eczema
Melanoma

77
Q

Summarise the function of the skin

A

Protection- bio/chem/physical
Thermoregulation
Sensory
Vitamin d
Excretion of waste products

78
Q

Absence of skin will result in

A

Extreme water loss

79
Q

Explain how the layers of the skin are presented

A

Epidermis Superficial
Dermis. Deep layer
Hypodermics. Deepest layer with loose connective and adipose tissue

80
Q

List the layers of the epidermis in order

A

Cornem
Lucidem
Granulosm
Spinosum
Basale

81
Q

Function of cornem

A

Superficial layer
Withstand damage
Non nucleated and fulled with squames

82
Q

What are squames

A

Soft keratin filaments

83
Q

Explain lucidem

A

Clear layer
Between granulosm and cornem
Has keratin and devoid of nuclei

84
Q

Explain granulosm

A

Granular layer
Become flattened from spinosum
Form 2-3 layers of pyknotic cells

85
Q

What is pyknosis

A

Apoptosis and necrosis causing nuclear material to condense

86
Q

Explain spinosum

A

Come from basale
Post mitotic cells
4-6 layers of cuboidal flattened cells

87
Q

Explain basale/ germinatium

A

Continuous mitosis
Stem cells
Containf melanocytes
Act as dermi epidermal junction

88
Q

How are cells of stratum basale held

A

Anchored to adjacent cells via desmosomes and to basement via hesmisdosomes

89
Q

What are keratinocytes

A

Squamous epithelial cella originating from basal stem cells continuously maturing from basal to corneum and desquamate

90
Q

What are melanocytes

A

Synthesise melanin that gives colour and protects from UV light

91
Q

What are langerhan cells

A

Antigen presenting cells

92
Q

What are merkel cells

A

Mechanoreceptors

93
Q

Recall the steps of keratinisation in order

A

Dermis basale
Spinosum
Granulosm
Lucidem
Corneum

94
Q

What does the dermis contain

A

Collagen & elastic fibres held by glycoproteins and glycoaminoglycans

95
Q

Describe how the connective tissue is made for function

A

Strong enough but allows epidermal appendages neurovasculture and lymphatics to pass through

96
Q

Recall the cell types in the dermis

A

Permanent - muscle wnd nerves
Migratory Immune

97
Q

What is the subcutaneous tissue called

A

Hypodermis

98
Q

What rests on the hypodermis

A

Dermis

99
Q

Role of the dermis

A

Superficial facial sheath with adipose tissue

100
Q

Role of the dermis

A

Superficial facial sheath with adipose tissue

101
Q

Whats the role of the dermis

A

Superficial facial sheath with adipose tissue

102
Q

Role of fascia

A

Reduce friction between dermis and deeper musculature

103
Q

Role of adipose tissue

A

Thermoregulatory mechanism as well as disperse forces

104
Q

What holds the hair

A

Hair follicle

105
Q

Role of papilla

A

Provide blood and nerve supply for growing hair

106
Q

What does each hair have

A

Sebaceous gland and 2 pili muscle

107
Q

Function of hair

A

Protection and sensing

108
Q

Psoriasis
causes

A

Chronic
Adults
Gene’s environment and autoimmune

109
Q

Eczema condition

A

Transient
Children
Genes
Environemnt
Allergies

110
Q

What are cytokines peoduced by

A

Immune system and keratinocytes

111
Q

Explain the process of skin inflammation

A

Dendrites stimulate t cells
T cells activate keratinocytes
Keratinocytes activate cytokines, chemokine and antimicrobial properties
Leads to dysregulated proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes

112
Q

Types of wound healing

A

Inflammatory
Proliferation
Remodel

113
Q

Role of peripheral mechani receptors

A

Detect displacement / velocity and acceleration of skin and internal organs

Provide info about location duration and intensity of stimulus

114
Q

What are mechanoreceptors important for

A

Social
Manual dexterity
Locomotion

115
Q

From mechanoreceptors, where is info relayed to

A

Thalamus

116
Q

Explain the term adaptation of skin receptors

A

Tendency of receptor to respond less strongly to a sustained stimulus

117
Q

Example of slow adapting and where rheyvare found

A

Merkel discs
Tips of fingers
Ruffini endings
Subcutaneous and connective nerve tissue- stretching

118
Q

Example of rapidly adapting and where theyre found

A

Adapt quickly
Hair follicle
Sense fine movements of hair on skin

119
Q

Function of pacinian corpuscle

A

Mechanoreceptors sensitive to mechanical pressure and vibration

120
Q

Where does pacinian corpuscle exist

A

All over
Within joints
Periosteum
Connective tissue
Internal organs

121
Q

Explain the structure of pacinian corpuscle

A

Concentic lamellar extending from schwann cell
Separated by small saca filled with lymph like fluid

122
Q

Recall information about meiseen corpuscle receptors

A

Tactile corpuscles
Found in dermal papillae of hairless skin
Nerve endings sensitive to light pressure
Manipulate fine objects with precision

123
Q

Complete sentence
Hairy skin can be

A

Both hairy or glabrous
Mechanoreceptors found in both

124
Q

True or false
Merkel is involved with fine touches throughout body

A

False

125
Q

Causes of psoriasis

A

Trauma
Drugs
Infections activate T cells in basale and spinosum
As result cytokines UPregulate cell cycle of ketatinocytes= epidermis sheds every 4 days instead of 26

126
Q

What type of disease is albinism

A

Congenital or acquired disease due to hypo/hyper pigmentation

127
Q

Causes of albinism

A

Absence of pigment due to abnormalities of tyrosinase needed for melanin production

128
Q

What can albinism also lead to

A

Lack colour in iris
Photophobia
Increase risk of cancer

129
Q

Seb glands responsible for

A

Discharge of oily secretion s
Sebum production

130
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Most abundant

131
Q

Langerhans
Melaonsytes
Adipocytes
Merkel
Present

A

Epidermis

132
Q

How is vitamin d absorbed

A

Epidermis under influence of uvb

133
Q

List examples of ear diseases

A

Noise induced hearing loss
Wax
Tiniitus
Menieres disease

134
Q

Recall the two sensory physiologies

A

Sensation- processing of environment - physicochemical
Perception- interpret- psychological

135
Q

What dies the thalamas act as

A

Translator, inputing processed signals, relaying info to cerebral cortex

136
Q

What are sound waves

A

Air molecules put into motion
Travelling wave of oscillating pressure

137
Q

Define sound

A

Pressure disturbance originating from vibrating object

138
Q

Hows pitch measured

A

Wavelength and frequency

139
Q

How loudness measured

A

Amplitude and intensity

140
Q

Relationship between frequency and pitch

A

High frequency
Hugh pitch

141
Q

How does brain tranlsate frequency

A

Into pitch

142
Q

What is the ear canal sealed to

A

Tympanic membrane

143
Q

Describe the tympanic membrane

A

Thin translucent commective tissue
Aka ear drum

144
Q

Where is eustachain tube connected to

A

Pharynx

145
Q

Describe middle ear

A

Small air filled mucosa lined cavity with bony boundaries

146
Q

List the 3 bones in ear

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

147
Q

Role of eustachian tube

A

Opens transiently to allow pressure reequibilration

148
Q

What will happen if pressure is unequal in ear

A

Rupture of tympanic membrane

149
Q

Infection of otitis media aka…

A

Middle ear infection
Glue ear
Bacteria trapped
Middle ear bone damaged
Invade the cochlea

150
Q

Three types of hearing loss

A

Conductive
Sensoineural
Central

151
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

Sound XXX transmitted from external to middle ear= tympani XXX vibrate
Ear wax
Otitis media
Perforated ear drum
Disease trauma=otosclerosis= hardening of ossicles

152
Q

Types of sensoineural hearing loss

A

Hair less damage
Noise damage
Inflammation damage

153
Q

Central hearing loss

A

Neural pathway damage
Comgenital
Stroke
Trauma

154
Q

Types of tinnitus

A

Objective- hear sound emitted from ear
Subjective only heard by affected person

155
Q

Role of inner ear

A

Fluid filled , oval window keeps fluid separate from air folled sacs, located deep with temporal bine behind eye socket

156
Q

2 sections of inner ear

A

Bony labrynth- complicated maze filled with fluid
Membrane tube- surrounded by endolymph fluid

157
Q

3 major structures of ear

A

Cochlea- sensory
Vestibule& semicircular canal- sensory transducer for equilibrium function
Branches of cranial nerve- inner ear to brain

158
Q

Structure and function of organ of coti

A

3 rows of inner hair& 1 row of inner hair
Vibrate bc of sound waves= band stereo cilia via electromechanical force

159
Q

Perception of loudness

A

+ intensity=+ loudness=+ vibrations if basilar membrane=+ bending of stereocilia=+ no of k channels=+ generator potential=+ neurotransmitter release =+ frequency of AP

160
Q

Louder noise ====

A

Increase of action potential

161
Q

What can humans hear

A

12-20,000
Linked to age
Old age harder to hear +++ frequency

162
Q

High frequency ==

A

Xx transmit far= maximum displacement of basilar membrane @ oval window

163
Q

Low frequency==

A

Transmit further= max displacement @ bas membrane @ distal helicotrema

164
Q

Distal end hair activated

A

Low pitch

165
Q

Hair calle activated by

A

High pitch

166
Q

Spatial coding

A

Differential response due to spatial coding

167
Q

Sensory perception involves

A

Cochlear
Auditory complex

168
Q

CN VIII is also known as

A

Auditory nerve

169
Q

Role of vestibulary system

A

Maintain balance via vestibulocochlear nerve

170
Q

Sacs in the vestibular labrynth

A

Utricle and saccule

171
Q

Vestibular labrynth can also be known as

A

Organ for balance

172
Q

Cochlear labrynth can also be known ad

A

Organ for hearing

173
Q

Hearing is..

A

Our perception of sound

PJ1311 Semester 2 (6 decks)

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