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PJ1311 Semester 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the respiratory system

A

Exchange co2 and o2
Keep body ph stable
Protect from harmful substances
Vocalisation

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2
Q

Describe functional anatomy

A

Upper and lower

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3
Q

What is the function if upper anatomy

A

Mouth/nasal cavity/ pharynx/ larynx
Air becomes warm and wet and filtered

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4
Q

How do trapped particles exit the body

A

Swallowed spitted sneezed

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5
Q

What forms the lower tract

A

Trachea
Two primary bronchu
Branches of bronchi and lungs

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6
Q

What is known as the conducting system

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Smaller bronchi

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7
Q

What is known as the exchange surface

A

Bronchioles
Alveoli

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8
Q

Where does gas exchange take place

A

Alveoli

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9
Q

What is the alveolar fluid lined with

A

Surfactant

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10
Q

Describe and explain the function of the pleura

A

Double wall closed sac separating each lung from the thoracic cavity

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11
Q

What is the gas equation

A

Pv=nrt

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12
Q

What is constant in humans from the gas equation

A

Moles and temperature

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13
Q

Recall boyles law

A

Relationship between pressure and volume in closed system inversely related

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14
Q

What happens when pressure outside is higher than pressure inside

A

Volume increases
Inspiration

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15
Q

What happens when pressure inside is greater then pressure outiside

A

Volume decreases= expiration

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16
Q

Explain what happens to the chest and diaphragm when breathing in

A

Chest expands
Diaphragm contract

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17
Q

What happens to chest and diaphragm when breathing out

A

Cheat contracts
Diaphragm relaxes

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18
Q

What is the description for intrapleural pressure

A

Subatmospheric

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19
Q

Equation for anatomical dead space

A

(No of breaths per minute) x (500-150ml per breath)

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20
Q

In intrapulmonary pressure, describe pressure and volume

A

Pressure in lung decreases as lung vilume increases in inspiration

Expiration- pressure increases

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21
Q

Relating intrapleural pressure, how does pleural cavity pressure change duering inspiration

A

Pcp becomes more negative during inspiration
Returns to initial value as chest wall recoils

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22
Q

During each breath, how many liters of air move in and out of the lungs

A

0.5 litres

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23
Q

Describe the 3 exchange process in order

A

Between atmosphere and lungs
Between lung and blood
Between blood and cells

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24
Q

What influences are there on gas exchange between alveoli and blood

A

Air composition
Ventilation properties
Perfusion

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25
What is an example of pathological condition causing hypoxia
Asthma Increased resistance in airways causes decreased alveolar ventilation
26
What causes pulmonary edema
Fluid in interstitial space increasing distance
27
What effect does emphysema have on the lungs
Decreases surface area due to destruction of alveoli
28
What is the equation for oxygen transport
O2 transport = co x o2 concentration
29
What can high methaemoglobin cause
Cyanosis
30
What enzyme is used to interconvert c02/ h20 to carbonic acid
Carbonic anhydrase
31
What will happen if co2 is not removed from body
Ph disturbance = protein denaturation
32
Explain the co2 dissociation curve
Linear No saturation with co2 when pco2 exceeds normal alveolar levels Oxygenation= co2 removed
33
When pc02 is zero, what does that mean
No co2 in blood
34
Define vital capacity
Maximal volume that can be expired after a maximal inspiration
35
Define inspiratory reserve volume
Maximal volume which can be inspired from end tidal inspiration
36
Define expiratory reserve volume
Maxima volume which can be expired from the resting end expiratory level
37
Define inspiratory capacity
Maximal volume which can be inspired from the resting end expiratory level
38
Define functional residual capacity
Volume of gas in the lungs at the resting end expiratory level
39
Define residual volume
Volume of gas in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration
40
Define total lung capacity
Volume of gas in the lungs ag the end of a maximal inspiration
41
What is meant by respiratory disease
Any disease or disorder of airway and lungs that affect human respiration
42
What does the respiratory system involve
Nasal cavities Pharyn Larynx Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Pleura Pleural cavity& nerves Muscle of respiration
43
Whats the cause of rhinitis and laryngitis
Large particles deposited in nose, more soluble gases absorbed by upper tract causing edema and hypersecretion
44
What cause tracheitis bronchitis and bronciolitis
Large particles deposited and cleared by cilia, small particles and fine fibres deposited by bronchioles and alveolar ducts. Less soluble gases penetrate to deeper small airway
45
What cause astham and copd
Allergens and irritants causing inflam changes
46
What causes cancer
Carcinogens come into contact with bronchial epi cells causing mutations
47
What happens in interstitial disease
Small particles deposited which penetrates the intersitium causing fibrosis and granuloma
48
What organisms are capable of infecting the resp tract
Bacteria fungi virus
49
What is the relationship between organism and symptoms
Type of organism and extent of infection can cause mild to mod to severe symptoms
50
Factors weakening defense mechanisms
Cigarette smoking - paralyse cilia lining Presence of resp pathogen eg influenza
51
Symptoms of influenza
Headache fever cough Can lead to co infection or viral pneumonia
52
Treatment for influenza
Vaccine updated yearly for a& b Given for elderly /healthcare workers Antiviral
53
Pathology behind pneumonia
Infection of lung tissue Air sacs filled with microorganisms fluid inflaming cells
54
Management of pneumonia
Antibiotic Oxygen therapy Airway clearance Fluid management
55
What is the microorganisms causing tb and which part of body can it infect
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Any part usually lungs
56
How is tb transmitted
Air of infected person eg speaks sings
57
Risk factors for tb contamination
Patients Iv drug use Hiv Travel to high risk areas
58
Symptoms of tb
Coughing lasting 3+ weeks Coughing uo blood Fever Night sweat
59
Treatment for tb
Intense 2 month rifampicin isoniazid pyrazinamide ethambutol Continued 4 months iso/ rifamp/ ethambutol
60
Describe asthma
Chronic lung disease due to obstruction which is reversible
61
Symptoms of asthma
Chest tightness Cough at night and when laughing Wheezing and whistling
62
Asthma triggers
Stress Pollution Dust Allergy
63
Long term asthma treatment
Saba ‘s Steroid meds Combination
64
Ways of managing asthma
Indentify and minimise asthma triggers Understand asthma meds and take as directed Recognise early signs Know what to do when symptoms get worse
65
How do you know if you have complete control over asthma
No daytime or nightime symptoms Dont need meds No asthma attack or limitaiom to activity
66
What conditions does copd include
Bronchitis and emphysema
67
What is copd associated with
Inflammation of lungs reaction to noxious particles/gas
68
Causes of copd
Smoking Prolonged exposure to harmful smoke History of resp illness in childhood Genetic makeup Age
69
Difference between cood and asthma
Astham reversed copd cant Asthma common under 35 copd not Asthma night time waking copd all day
70
A chronic cough with sputum is most likely to be
COPD
71
When would you perform spirometry
At diagnosis See if meds working Worsening of condition Reconsider diagnosis
72
Effect of obstructive diseases on fev1
Reduce fev1
73
What elements could be put in place ro prevent copd
Smoking cessation Prevent exposure to second hand smoke or other substances
74
Main aims for COPD management
Early diagnosis for slow progression of disease Alleviating symptoms Better quality if life Prevent complications
75
Main cause of lung cancer
Smoking
76
Symptoms of lung cancer
Wheezing shortness of breath Worsening cough Coughing up blood Chest pain

PJ1311 Semester 2 (6 decks)

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