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PJ1311 Semester 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the respiratory system

A

Exchange co2 and o2
Keep body ph stable
Protect from harmful substances
Vocalisation

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2
Q

Describe functional anatomy

A

Upper and lower

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3
Q

What is the function if upper anatomy

A

Mouth/nasal cavity/ pharynx/ larynx
Air becomes warm and wet and filtered

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4
Q

How do trapped particles exit the body

A

Swallowed spitted sneezed

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5
Q

What forms the lower tract

A

Trachea
Two primary bronchu
Branches of bronchi and lungs

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6
Q

What is known as the conducting system

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Smaller bronchi

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7
Q

What is known as the exchange surface

A

Bronchioles
Alveoli

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8
Q

Where does gas exchange take place

A

Alveoli

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9
Q

What is the alveolar fluid lined with

A

Surfactant

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10
Q

Describe and explain the function of the pleura

A

Double wall closed sac separating each lung from the thoracic cavity

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11
Q

What is the gas equation

A

Pv=nrt

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12
Q

What is constant in humans from the gas equation

A

Moles and temperature

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13
Q

Recall boyles law

A

Relationship between pressure and volume in closed system inversely related

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14
Q

What happens when pressure outside is higher than pressure inside

A

Volume increases
Inspiration

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15
Q

What happens when pressure inside is greater then pressure outiside

A

Volume decreases= expiration

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16
Q

Explain what happens to the chest and diaphragm when breathing in

A

Chest expands
Diaphragm contract

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17
Q

What happens to chest and diaphragm when breathing out

A

Cheat contracts
Diaphragm relaxes

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18
Q

What is the description for intrapleural pressure

A

Subatmospheric

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19
Q

Equation for anatomical dead space

A

(No of breaths per minute) x (500-150ml per breath)

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20
Q

In intrapulmonary pressure, describe pressure and volume

A

Pressure in lung decreases as lung vilume increases in inspiration

Expiration- pressure increases

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21
Q

Relating intrapleural pressure, how does pleural cavity pressure change duering inspiration

A

Pcp becomes more negative during inspiration
Returns to initial value as chest wall recoils

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22
Q

During each breath, how many liters of air move in and out of the lungs

A

0.5 litres

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23
Q

Describe the 3 exchange process in order

A

Between atmosphere and lungs
Between lung and blood
Between blood and cells

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24
Q

What influences are there on gas exchange between alveoli and blood

A

Air composition
Ventilation properties
Perfusion

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25
Q

What is an example of pathological condition causing hypoxia

A

Asthma
Increased resistance in airways causes decreased alveolar ventilation

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26
Q

What causes pulmonary edema

A

Fluid in interstitial space increasing distance

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27
Q

What effect does emphysema have on the lungs

A

Decreases surface area due to destruction of alveoli

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28
Q

What is the equation for oxygen transport

A

O2 transport = co x o2 concentration

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29
Q

What can high methaemoglobin cause

A

Cyanosis

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30
Q

What enzyme is used to interconvert c02/ h20 to carbonic acid

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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31
Q

What will happen if co2 is not removed from body

A

Ph disturbance = protein denaturation

32
Q

Explain the co2 dissociation curve

A

Linear
No saturation with co2 when pco2 exceeds normal alveolar levels
Oxygenation= co2 removed

33
Q

When pc02 is zero, what does that mean

A

No co2 in blood

34
Q

Define vital capacity

A

Maximal volume that can be expired after a maximal inspiration

35
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume

A

Maximal volume which can be inspired from end tidal inspiration

36
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume

A

Maxima volume which can be expired from the resting end expiratory level

37
Q

Define inspiratory capacity

A

Maximal volume which can be inspired from the resting end expiratory level

38
Q

Define functional residual capacity

A

Volume of gas in the lungs at the resting end expiratory level

39
Q

Define residual volume

A

Volume of gas in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration

40
Q

Define total lung capacity

A

Volume of gas in the lungs ag the end of a maximal inspiration

41
Q

What is meant by respiratory disease

A

Any disease or disorder of airway and lungs that affect human respiration

42
Q

What does the respiratory system involve

A

Nasal cavities
Pharyn
Larynx
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Pleura
Pleural cavity& nerves
Muscle of respiration

43
Q

Whats the cause of rhinitis and laryngitis

A

Large particles deposited in nose, more soluble gases absorbed by upper tract causing edema and hypersecretion

44
Q

What cause tracheitis bronchitis and bronciolitis

A

Large particles deposited and cleared by cilia, small particles and fine fibres deposited by bronchioles and alveolar ducts. Less soluble gases penetrate to deeper small airway

45
Q

What cause astham and copd

A

Allergens and irritants causing inflam changes

46
Q

What causes cancer

A

Carcinogens come into contact with bronchial epi cells causing mutations

47
Q

What happens in interstitial disease

A

Small particles deposited which penetrates the intersitium causing fibrosis and granuloma

48
Q

What organisms are capable of infecting the resp tract

A

Bacteria fungi virus

49
Q

What is the relationship between organism and symptoms

A

Type of organism and extent of infection can cause mild to mod to severe symptoms

50
Q

Factors weakening defense mechanisms

A

Cigarette smoking - paralyse cilia lining
Presence of resp pathogen eg influenza

51
Q

Symptoms of influenza

A

Headache fever cough
Can lead to co infection or viral pneumonia

52
Q

Treatment for influenza

A

Vaccine updated yearly for a& b
Given for elderly /healthcare workers
Antiviral

53
Q

Pathology behind pneumonia

A

Infection of lung tissue
Air sacs filled with microorganisms fluid inflaming cells

54
Q

Management of pneumonia

A

Antibiotic
Oxygen therapy
Airway clearance
Fluid management

55
Q

What is the microorganisms causing tb and which part of body can it infect

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Any part usually lungs

56
Q

How is tb transmitted

A

Air of infected person eg speaks sings

57
Q

Risk factors for tb contamination

A

Patients
Iv drug use
Hiv
Travel to high risk areas

58
Q

Symptoms of tb

A

Coughing lasting 3+ weeks
Coughing uo blood
Fever
Night sweat

59
Q

Treatment for tb

A

Intense 2 month rifampicin isoniazid pyrazinamide ethambutol

Continued 4 months iso/ rifamp/ ethambutol

60
Q

Describe asthma

A

Chronic lung disease due to obstruction which is reversible

61
Q

Symptoms of asthma

A

Chest tightness
Cough at night and when laughing
Wheezing and whistling

62
Q

Asthma triggers

A

Stress
Pollution
Dust
Allergy

63
Q

Long term asthma treatment

A

Saba ‘s
Steroid meds
Combination

64
Q

Ways of managing asthma

A

Indentify and minimise asthma triggers
Understand asthma meds and take as directed
Recognise early signs
Know what to do when symptoms get worse

65
Q

How do you know if you have complete control over asthma

A

No daytime or nightime symptoms
Dont need meds
No asthma attack or limitaiom to activity

66
Q

What conditions does copd include

A

Bronchitis and emphysema

67
Q

What is copd associated with

A

Inflammation of lungs reaction to noxious particles/gas

68
Q

Causes of copd

A

Smoking
Prolonged exposure to harmful smoke
History of resp illness in childhood
Genetic makeup
Age

69
Q

Difference between cood and asthma

A

Astham reversed copd cant
Asthma common under 35 copd not
Asthma night time waking copd all day

70
Q

A chronic cough with sputum is most likely to be

A

COPD

71
Q

When would you perform spirometry

A

At diagnosis
See if meds working
Worsening of condition
Reconsider diagnosis

72
Q

Effect of obstructive diseases on fev1

A

Reduce fev1

73
Q

What elements could be put in place ro prevent copd

A

Smoking cessation
Prevent exposure to second hand smoke or other substances

74
Q

Main aims for COPD management

A

Early diagnosis for slow progression of disease
Alleviating symptoms
Better quality if life
Prevent complications

75
Q

Main cause of lung cancer

A

Smoking

76
Q

Symptoms of lung cancer

A

Wheezing shortness of breath
Worsening cough
Coughing up blood
Chest pain

PJ1311 Semester 2 (6 decks)

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