Senses Flashcards
_____- the sense of taste
Gustation
____-chemoreceptors found in taste buds of the tongue.
They respond to chemicals dissolved in saliva
* Sweet - sugars
* Salty - sodium
* Sour - acids
*Bitter - bases
*Umami (savory) – amino acids from proteins
Gustory receptor cells
______ nerve (CNVII) from anterior 2/3 of tongue
Facial
____ nerve (CNIX) from posterior 1/3 of tongue
Glossopharyngeal
____ nerve (CNX) from pharynx
Vagus
___________: inferior portion of the brain stem contains the solitary nucleus that receives the afferent axons carrying gustatory information
Medulla Oblongata
__________: superior portion of the diencephalon relays sensory information to the primary cortex
Thalamus
________lobe : contains primary gustatory cortex
Insular lobe
Olfactory pathway:
______ receptors: afferent neurons with their dendrites in the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal cavity
Olfactory
Olfactory pathway: \_\_\_\_\_\_ nerve (CNI): contains the afferent fibers that travel through cribriform foramina to reach the Olfactory bulbs
Olfactory nerve
Olfactory pathway:
_____ bulbs: structures that receive the afferent fibers and then relays the olfactory information through the olfactory tracts to Temporal lobe
Olfactory bulbs
Olfactory pathway:
_______lobe: contains primary olfactory cortex
Temporal lobe
Structures of the eye
Which one of the Eye Three tunics (layers) compose the wall of the eye is this?
:____________ tunic – tough fibrous superficial layer
Fibrous tunic
In the Fibrous tunic:
____- white of the eye, dense connective tissue
Sclera
In the Fibrous tunic:
____- clear anterior portion
Cornea
Structures of the eye
Which one of the Eye Three tunics (layers) compose the wall of the eye is this?
______ tunic (uvea)- middle layer, rich with blood vessels
Vascular tunic (uvea)
In the Vascular tunic:
_____- pigmented layer prevents reflection of light that would blur an image
Choroid
In the Vascular tunic:
_____- ring of smooth muscle (ciliary muscles) attached to the lens by suspensory ligaments, controls the shape of the lens
Ciliary body
In the Vascular tunic:
____- smooth muscle which controls the diameter of the pupil
Iris
Where is this found:
Circular pupillary constrictor muscles stimulated by parasympathetic efferent fibers.
Radial pupillary dilator muscles stimulated by sympathetic efferent fibers
In the Vascular tunic
_____-– deepest layer, portion of the eye where an image is formed, it extends anteriorly to the posterior margin of the ciliary body
- Pigmented epithelium
- Photoreceptor layer
Neural tunic (Retina)
In Neural tunic (Retina)
______- most superficial layer of neural tunic epithelial cells contain melanin granules to prevent reflection of light.
Pigmented epithelium
In Neural tunic (Retina):
_____- located just deep to pigmented epithelium contains photoreceptor cells that detect light
Photoreceptor layer
_____- photoreceptors sensitive to a broad wavelength range providing black and white vision
Rods
____- photoreceptors sensitive to narrow wavelength range providing color vision.
Red, green, blue receptors
Cones
_____ neuron layer of retina- layer of retina deep to the photoreceptors relays information from rods and cones to
Bipolar cell neuron layer
_____- neuron layer of retina- deepest layer of retina, contains large neurons that extend axons through the optic nerves and optic tracts.
- Optic disc
- Fovea centralis
Ganglion cell neuron layer of retina
“Retina ganglion layer”
In Ganglion cell neuron layer of retina
“Retina ganglion layer”
_____-location where axons of retinal ganglion neurons exit the eye, creates a blind spot in the visual field because there are no photoreceptors in this region of the retina.
Optic disc
In Ganglion cell neuron layer of retina
“Retina ganglion layer”
____- small pit in the center of macula lutea which contains the greatest concentration of cones, sharpest vision
Fovea centralis
What are the cavities of the eyes?
Anterior cavity and a posterior cavity
What cavity of the eye is this? \_\_\_\_\_- in front of the lens, contains aqueous humor which provides nutrients to the lens and cornea It has to chambers : *Anterior chamber *Posterior Chamber
Anterior cavity
In anterior cavity:
____- anterior to iris
Anterior chamber of the anterior cavity
In anterior cavity:
____- posterior to iris, anterior to lens
Posterior chamber of the anterior cavity
_____- clear biconvex disc shaped structure that can change its convexity (curvature) to focus light from an object close to the face (near point accommodation).
Lens
_____- contracts for near point accommodation to increase curvature of lens focusing light from an object near to the face
Ciliary muscles
What cavity of the eye is this?
______–posterior to the lens, filled with jelly like vitreous humor
Posterior cavity
What Accessory structure of the eye is this?
_____- protects and cover the eye
Palpebral (eyelids)
What Accessory structure of the eye is this?
____-keeps debris out of the eyes
Eyelashes
What Accessory structure of the eye is this?
____-mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eye
Conjunctiva
What Accessory structure of the eye is this?
____- mucous membrane covering the inside of the eyelids
Palpebral conjuctiva
What Accessory structure of the eye is this?
___-mucous membrane covering the sclera of the eye.
Bulbar conjunctiva
_____- found on the superior / lateral surface of the eye, produces tears
- Lacrimal sac
- Nasolacrimal duct
Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal gland:
____collects tears
Lacrimal sac
Lacrimal gland:
_____-drains tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity
Nasolacrimal duct
_____- skeletal muscles, movement of the eye
- superior rectus
- Medial rectus
- Inferior rectus
- Lateral rectus
- Superior oblique
- Inferior Oblique
Extrinsic eye muscles
Which one of the Extrinsic eye muscles is this?
_____-directs gaze superiorly, excited by CNIII
Superior rectus
Which one of the Extrinsic eye muscles is this?
_____- directs gaze toward midline, excited by CNIII
Medial rectus
Which one of the Extrinsic eye muscles is this?
_____- directs gaze inferiorly, excited by CNIII
Inferior rectus
Which one of the Extrinsic eye muscles is this?
_____-directs gaze away from midline, excited by CNVI
Lateral
rectus
Which one of the Extrinsic eye muscles is this?
_______- rotates the superior aspect of the eye toward the midline, excited by CNIV
Superior oblique
Which one of the Extrinsic eye muscles is this?
_____- rotates the inferior aspect of the eye toward the midline, excited by CNIII
Inferior oblique
Visual pathway:
1Photoreceptors 2 Bipolar neurons of the retina 3 Retinal ganglion neurons 4 optic nerve 5 optic chiasm 6 Optic tract 7 thalamus 8 occipital lobe
What visual pathway is this?
_____- axons of retinal ganglion neurons travel into cranium
Optic nerve (CN ll)
What visual pathway is this?
_____- where the medial fibers cross over the midline.
Optic Chiasm
What visual pathway is this?
____- axons of the retinal ganglion neurons continue through the CNS to reach
Optic tract
What visual pathway is this?
_____- region of the diencephalon that contains the lateral geniculate nucleus where retinal ganglion neurons synapse with the neurons that will relay visual information to the cortex.
Thalamus
What visual pathway is this?
_____- contains primary visual cortex.
Occipital lobe
____- responsible for hearing and equilibrium
Ear
External ear
____- outer visible portion of the ear, channels sound waves into the auditory canal middle ear
Auricle
In auricle:
_____- pathway directing sound towards the middle ear
External acoustic meatus (a.k.a. auditory canal)
In auricle:
_____- sound waves cause it to vibrate, boundary b/t external and middle ear
Tympanic membrane
_____- small air-filled cavity within the petrous portion of temporal bone, deep to the tympanic membrane.
Middle ear
Middle ear:
____- tiny bones that bridge the tympanic membrane to the oval window on the cochlea of the inner ear.
Ear ossicles
Middle ear;
_____- most lateral ossicle, attached to tympanic membrane
Malleus (hammer)
Middle ear ;
____- middle ossicle
Incus (anvil)
Middle ear:
____-most medial ossicle, attached to the oval window.
stapes (stirrup)
In stapes
_____-opening between middle and inner ear
Oval window
______- connects the middle ear and superior portion of the throat (nasopharynx). o Equalizes pressure in the middle ear o Opens when swallowing or yawning
Eustachian (pharyngotympanic) tube
_______- - bony labyrinth filled with perilymph fluid, contains a membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph fluid
Inner ear
_____- spirals around a central axis and is divided into three ducts
Cochlea
Cochlea
____-– begins at the oval window
Vestibular duct
Cochlea
____-ends at the round window
Tympanic duct
Cochlea
____- part of the membranous labyrinth, filled with endolymph and contains the Organ of Corti
Cochlear duct (middle)
Cochlea
____- Contains auditory hair cell receptors responsible for hearing that extend between the flexible basilar membrane and the rigid tectorial membrane. 44
Organ of corti
_____- central cavity of the bony labyrinth
Vestibule
Vestibule
____- position of the head, detects linear and angular acceleration. Important for reflexes that maintain posture and move the eyes to stabilize an image as the head moves.
Responsible for equilibrium (vestibular) sense
Vesticule
_____- regions of the utricle and saccule that contain the hair cell receptors that detect linear acceleration
Maculae
_______-three canals orientated in one of the three planes (x, y, or z) contain semicircular ducts of the membranous labyrinth
Semicircular canals
Semicircular canals;
______- regions of the semicircular ducts that contain hair cell receptors that detect angular acceleration
Crista ampullaris
______- cell receptors in the cochlea release neurotransmitters onto the dendrites of bipolar neurons that have their soma in the spiral ganglion of the cochlea.
Auditory hair cell receptors
______-: contains the afferent fibers of the bipolar neurons that relay auditory information into medulla oblongata
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII)
______- inferior region of the branstem that contains cochlear and superior olivary nuclei. These neurons relay the auditory information up to the midbrain structure in the corpora quadrigemina called the inferior colliculus
Medulla Oblongata
______- Region of the diencephalon that contains the medial geniculate nucleus which receives auditory information from the brain stem and relays it up to the cortex
Thalamus
_____- Contains primary auditory cortex.
Temporal lobe
