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Introduction to nervous system > Central Nervous system > Flashcards

Central Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the regions of the brain:

There is 5

A 
Cerebrum
Left and right cerebral hemispheres 
Cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei
Gyrus
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2
Q

What region of the brain is this?

_____- largest and most superior portion of the brain.

A

Cerebrum

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3
Q

What region of the brain is this?

____- divided by the longitudinal fissure

A

Right and left cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

What region of the brain is this?

____- Outer layer of gray matter.

A

Cerebral cortex

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5
Q

What region of the brain is this?

Deep under this gray matter is white matter and some deep areas of gray matter called _____

A

basal nuclei

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6
Q

What region of the brain is this?
_____-elvated ridges on the surface separated by sulci (shallow grooves, the sulcus is the singular) and fissure (deep grooves.

A

Gyrus

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7
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

A 
Frontal lobe 
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Insular lobe
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8
Q

What type of lobe of the cerebrum is this?

_____ large region on anterior

A

Frontal lobe

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9
Q

In frontal lobe :
______- Lies in the precentral gyrus.
*Control somatic motor neurons that excite skeletal muscles on the contralateral side (left hemisphere of the brain controls right half of body and visa Versa)

A

Primary motor cortex

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10
Q

In frontal lobe

____- anterior to the primary motor cortex, motor planning.

A

Premotor cortex

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11
Q

In frontal lobe

____- involved with intellect, reasoning, judgment, concern for others, personality traits, and management of emotions.

A

Prefrontal cortex

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12
Q

What type of lobe of the cerebrum is this?

_____-superior region posterior to frontal and deep to the parietal bone.

A

Parietal lobe

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13
Q

In the parietal lobe:
____-postcentral gyrus
*Receives impulses involved in touch, pain, pressure, stretch.

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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14
Q

In the parietal lobe:
______- lies posterior to the primary somatosensory
*Integrates sensory input into understanding based on past experiences.

A

Somatosensory association cortex

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15
Q

What type of lobe of the cerebrum is this?

____- Lateral inferior region deep to the temporal bone

A

Temporal lobe.

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16
Q

In temporal lobe:

____- receives sensory for the sense of hearing.

A

Primary auditory cortex

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17
Q

In temporal lobe;

____- posterior to primary, interprets sound into context

A

Auditory association cortex

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18
Q

In temporal lobe

______- sensory input for sense of smell

A

Olfactory cortex

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19
Q

In temporal lobe

____-functions important for memory formation.

A

Hippocampus

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20
Q

In temporal lobe

____- functions important for emotions and memories

A

Part of the limbic system

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21
Q

What type of lobe of the cerebrum is this?

____- most posterior region

A

Occipital lobe

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22
Q

In occipital lobe

____- receives sensory input for vision

A

Primary visual cortex

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23
Q

In occipital lobe

____- Surrounds the primary, more complex visual processing

A

Visual associated

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24
Q

What type of lobe of the cerebrum is this?

_____- region found hidden deep within the lateral sulcus.

A

Insular lobe

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25
Q

In Insular lobe:
____-recieves sensory input for taste (gustation)
* Functions as part of the limbic system processing emotions.

A

Primary gustatory cortex

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26
Q

_____- White matter in the CNS, consisting of bundles of axons.

A

Tracts

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27
Q

_____- The largest tract in the brain connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum.

A

Corpus callosum

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28
Q

Language areas of the cerebral cortex

A

in the left hemisphere only

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29
Q

What Language areas of the cerebral cortex is this?

____ Controls muscles involved in speech production

A

Broca’s area (in frontal lobe)

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30
Q

What Language areas of the cerebral cortex is this?

_____- important for language comprehension.

A

Wernick’s area ( in the temporal lobe)

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31
Q

_____- gray matter deep in the cerebrum

A

Basal nuclei (commonly referred to as basal ganglia )

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32
Q

In basal nuclei
____- includes the caudate nucleus and putamen.
*Adjust stopping, starting and intensity of movements after receiving input from the cerebral cortex.
*Huntington’s and Parkinson’s diseases result from dysfunction of the striatum.

A

Striatum

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33
Q

In basal nuclei

_____- Works with the striatum to regulate motivation.

A

Globus pallidus

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34
Q

In basal nuclei

____- almond-shaped, deep in the temporal lobe, important for negative emotions

A

Amygdala

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35
Q

_____- superior to the brain stem, surrounded by cerebral hemispheres, and encloses the third ventricle

A

Diencepthalon

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36
Q

_____- forms the lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle deep to the cerebrum in the center of the brain.

A

Thalamus

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37
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

relay station for all incoming sensory impulses except olfaction (smell)

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38
Q

In thalamus

_____- connects left and right halves of the thalamus.

A

Intermediate mass

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39
Q

What is in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
mamillary bodies
pineal gland

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40
Q

____- slightly anterior and inferior to the thalamus.

A

hypothalamus

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41
Q

hypothalamus:

____-feeding, fornication, and fight or flight

A

Four F’s

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42
Q

hypothalamus:

____- Controls ANS center in the brain stem and spinal cord

A

Autonomic control center

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43
Q

hypothalamus:

_____- fear, anger, pleasure

A

Emotional responses

44
Q

hypothalamus:

____- responds to change in levels of nutrients and hormones.

45
Q

hypothalamus:

_____-Osmoreceptors detect concentrations of body fluids

A

Water balance and thirst

46
Q

hypothalamus:

____- thermostat, initiates cooling or heating mechanism

A

Controls body temperature

47
Q

hypothalamus:

Connects to ____ through _____ and regulates the endocrine system.

A

pituitary

infundibulum

48
Q

_____- small round projections from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus that connect to the medial temporal lobe through the fornix (projection tract)

A

Mamillary bodies

49
Q

Mamillary bodies:

_____ Damage due to thiamine deficiency ( Wernicke-Korsakoff) syndrome causes impaired memory.

A

Important for memory

50
Q

____- secrete melatonin which regulates your day-night cycles

A

Pineal gland

51
Q

Brainstem:

A

Midbrain
medulla oblongata
Cerebellum

52
Q

part of Brainstem:

______- Superior portion of the brain stem directly inferior to the diencephalon

53
Q

Part of Midbrain:
_____- four protrusions on the dorsal surface
*___- visual reflexes
*____- auditory reflexes

A

Corpora quadrigemina

  • Superior colliculi
  • Inferior colliculi
54
Q

part of Midbrain

____-ascending and descending tract

A

Cerebral peduncle

55
Q

part of Midbrain

______- connects third and fourth ventricles

A

Cerebral aqueduct.

56
Q

____- a bulging region of brain stem between the midbrain and the medulla

  • Cerebellar peduncles on posterior of brainstem connects to the cerebellum
  • Contains respiratory control centers
57
Q

______- the base of the brain stem, contains vital reflex centers that regulate the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory centers.

A

Medulla oblongata

58
Q

Medulla oblongata
____- longitudinal ridges on the ventral surface, contains motor tracts that cross over (decussation) before they continue down the spinal cord.

A

Medullary Pyramids

59
Q

Brainstem;
_____; located posterior to the pons and medulla, densely packed with small neurons. Fine-tunes motor commands based on sensory feedback and learning from previous experience.

A

Cerebellum

60
Q

Cerebellum;

_____- outer gray matter forms horizontal folds called Folia

A

Cerebellar cortex

61
Q

Cerebellum;

___- inner white matter, branches, “tree of life”

A

Arbor vitae

62
Q

What is the protection of the brain?

A

Bones of the cranium

63
Q

_____- three connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain externally.

  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
64
Q

What type of meninges is this?

_____- superficial layer, consists of two layers of fibrous CT

A

Dura mater

65
Q

What type of meninges is this?
_____- superficial layer, consists of two layers of fibrous CT
*Two layers are fused except for areas where they are separated to enclose dural sinuses

A

Dura mater

66
Q

Dura mater;

____- inner extensions that secure and limit the movement of the brain

A

Dural septa

67
Q

Dura mater;
_____-extends into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres, anchors to the crista Galli and internal occipital crest.

A

Falx cerebri

68
Q

Dura mater

___-extends into the transverse fissure separating the cerebrum and cerebellum.

A

Tentorium cerebelli

69
Q

What type of meninges is this?

_____- loose middle layer

A

Arachnoid layer

70
Q

Arachnoid layer;

_____ contains CSF and blood vessels

A

Subarachnoid space

71
Q

Arachnoid layer;

____- extend through dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus.

A

Arachnoid villi

72
Q

What type of meninges is this?

_____- deepest, clings tightly to the brain following every sulcus.

73
Q

_____- cavities within the brain the are filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ventricles of the brain

74
Q

Ventricles of the brain;

_____- C shaped cavities within the cerebrum

A

Right and left lateral ventricles

75
Q

Right and left lateral ventricles

____- thin membrane at midline separating the right and left lateral ventricles.

A

Septum pellucidum

76
Q

Ventricles of the brain;

____- formed by the medial walls of the thalamus

A

Third ventricle

77
Q

Ventricles of the brain;

_____- connects third and the fourth ventricle runs through the midbrain.

A

Cerebral aqueduct

78
Q

Ventricles of the brain;

_____- Inferior to the third and is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.

A

Fourth ventricle

79
Q

_____- a fluid found in and around the brain and spinal cord.

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

80
Q 
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 
Functions:
A

cushion brain and spinal cord, Transports nutrient and waste.

81
Q

_____- a cluster of capillaries found on the roof of ventricles

  • Responsible for the formation of CSF
  • –Ependymal cells selectively transport material between the blood and CSF
A

Choroid plexus

82
Q

____ contains ascending (sensory info) and descending tracts (motor info) of the CNS
Integrates & processes information (functional independence)

A

Spinal cord function

83
Q

____- From the foramen magnum to L1/L2 through the vertebral foramen

A

Structure of spinal cord

84
Q

_____- expanded superior end of the spinal cord is larger because there are numerous nevers going to/from the upper limbs.

A

Cervical enlargement

85
Q

_____- the Expanded inferior end is larger because there are numerous nerves supplying the lower extremities.

A

Lumbar enlargement

86
Q

_____- Cone-shaped tapered end of the spinal cord located at the level of the L1/L2 vertebrae.

A

Conus medullaris

87
Q

____- meninges extending inferior from conus to anchor spinal cord to the coccyx.

A

Filum terminale

88
Q

_____- Lower lumbar & sacral spinal nerves travel inferior past the conus through vertebral foramen before exiting the spinal column

A

Cauda equina “Horse tail”

89
Q

Types of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord.

A 
Anterior median fissure
Posterior median sulcus
White matter
Tract 
nerves
gray matter
dorsal horns
ventral horns
Lateral horns
90
Q

What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this?
____- deep crease along the ventral surface

A

Anterior median fissure

91
Q

What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this?
____- shallow groove along the dorsal surface

A

Posterior median sulcus

92
Q

What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this?
____- Contains myelinated axons located superficial to gray matter

A

White matter

93
Q

What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this?
____- axons in the CNS

94
Q

What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this?
____- bundles of axons in the PNS

95
Q

What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this?
____- non-myelinated (cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals)

A

Gray matter

96
Q

What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this?
___-Contains sensory axon terminals and interneurons

A

Dorsal horns

97
Q

What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this?
_____- contains somatic motor neuron cell bodies

A

Ventral horns

98
Q

What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this?
______- contains preganglionic autonomic motor neuron soma

A

lateral horns

99
Q

Spinal roots types :

A

Dorsal root

Ventral root

100
Q

____-contains axons of sensory neurons entering the spinal cord (afferent fibers)

A

Dorsal root

101
Q

____- contains axons of motor neurons leaving the spinal cord

A

Ventral root

102
Q

_____- outer region, tracts traveling up or down the spinal cord

A

White matter

103
Q

____-axons carrying sensory info to the brain

A

Ascending tracts

104
Q

____- contains major ascending tracts carrying the somatosensory information
*Located medial to the posterior gray horn

A

Dorsal white columns

105
Q

_____-axons carrying motor commands from the brain to the periphery

A

Descending tracts

106
Q

______- contains the major descending tracts that regulate the motor neurons of the ventral gray horn.

A

Anterior & lateral white columns

Introduction to nervous system (6 decks)

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