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A&P 2 Lecture 1 Exam > senses > Flashcards

senses Flashcards

1
Q

define sensory transduction

A

the conversion of energy in a stimulus to action potentials in a nerve

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2
Q

what are sensory receptors

A

cells that transmit signals to sensory neurons

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3
Q

what is receptor potential

A

an initial response of a receptor cell to a stimulus, consisting of a change in voltage across the receptor membrane

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4
Q

what is a sensation

A

when sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from the environment

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5
Q

what is perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. allows us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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6
Q

what are the two main types of receptor cells in senses

A

those that are separate cells vs those that are free nerve endings on an afferent neuron

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7
Q

what is the difference between a receptor cell and a cell surface receptor

A

receptor cells are found in the cytoplasm or on surface that receive signals
cell surface receptors are embedded in the plasma membrane and receive signals

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8
Q

classification of sensory receptors and their stimulus that they detect

A

chemoreceptors detect chemicals
mechanoreceptors detect touch, stretch, etc
photoreceptors detect light
thermoreceptors detect temperature
nociceptors detect pain

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9
Q

define modality

A

specific type of sensation felt (light, touch, sound)

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10
Q

define quality of sense

A

distinct characteristics within a modality (pitch of noise, soft or hard touch)

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11
Q

what are the main types of information that needs to be sent to the brain about a stimulus

A

type of stimulus, location, magnitude, and duration

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12
Q

what is the labeled line theory

A

that the CNS determines the type of stimulus based on receiving input from all sensory cells activated by that stimulus

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13
Q

how does the sensory system encode stimulus intensity

A

frequency of action potentials, number of receptors activated a stimulus

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14
Q

define receptive field (location of stimulus)

A

a specific region of sensory space in which an appropriate stimulus can drive an electrical response in a sensory neuron

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15
Q

define sensory projection

A

any areas of the cerebral cortex to which information is transmitted by the afferent fibers from sensory receptors

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16
Q

define projection pathways

A

connect the cerebral cortex to the thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

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17
Q

what is phantom pain

A

pain experienced in the area of a body part that has been surgically removed

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18
Q

what does the frog experiment tell us about sensory projection

A

?????q

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19
Q

define phasic receptor (duration)

A

rapidly adapting receptors. they respond quickly to stimuli but stop responding upon continuous stimulation.

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20
Q

define tonic receptors (duration)

A

they are slow adapting. they will respond to the stimulus as long as it persists and produce a continuous frequency of action potentials

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21
Q

what info does tonic receptor provide

A

they convey stimulus duration and intensity

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22
Q

what info do phasic receptors provide

A

convey information about the changes to the stimulus such as intensity

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23
Q

define adaptation

A

the change in sensation intensity with a continued stimulus, due to adjustments of the receptors sensitivity

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24
Q

define interoreceptor

A

sensory receptor which receives stimuli from within the body

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25
Q

define exteroreceptor

A

sensory reception which receives external stimuli

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26
Q

define special senses

A

smell, taste, vision, hearing, equillibrium

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27
Q

somaesthetic senses (general senses)

A

body senses including touch, temperature, pain

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28
Q

what is the difference between general senses and special senses

A

general senses have receptors widely distributed throughout the body and skin
speical senses have more specialized receptors and are confined to structures in the head (like eyes/ears)

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29
Q

what are cutaneous receptors

A

receptors in the dermis that make the skin sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

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30
Q

what are proprioceptors

A

detect body position in space and movement
- include muscle spindles, golgi tendon and organs

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31
Q

what are the two types of receptors for general senses

A

cutaneous and proprioceptors

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32
Q

name the different types of cutaneous receptors

A

touch: tactile disc, hair receptor, ruffini corpuscle
pressure: tactile corpuscle and lamellated corpuscle
temp and pain: free nerve endings

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33
Q

what is pain

A

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

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34
Q

what is the purpose of pain

A

to indicate tissue injury

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35
Q

what role does reticular formation play in pain

A

causes arousal

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36
Q

what role does the somatosensory area play in response to pain

A

gives sensation

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37
Q

what role does the hypothalamus play in response to pain

A

gives physiologal responses

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38
Q

what role does the limbic system play in response to to pain

A

gives emotional response

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39
Q

what is referred pain

A

pain felt in a part of the body other than the actual source

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40
Q

what is the clinical significance of referred pain

A

if you are having referred pain, you should know to go to a doctor and report the pain

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41
Q

define analgesic

A

drug that relieves pain, not good for chronic pain, derived from synthetics or opium poppy, very dangerous (opioids)

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42
Q

what is spinal gating

A

stops pain at the dorsal horn

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43
Q

whar are endogenous opiates

A

chemicals produced in the brain that block the perception of pain and increase feeling of wellbeing (produced in pituitary gland)

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44
Q

describe the danger of opiate painkillers

A

very addictive, depress breathing centers which results in death, fatal overdose potential, fentanyl is deadly, most dangerous when mixed with alcohol

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45
Q

how are opiate painkillers related to enkephalins

A

enkephalins possess all the properties of morphine opiates, but are made in the brain naturally.

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46
Q

how do opiates cause death

A

respiratory depression

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47
Q

why is medical marijuance of interest in pain management

A

more effective for chronic pain, no depression of breathing, no fatal overdose, no liver damage

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48
Q

what are NSAIDS

A

non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs

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49
Q

can NSAIDS cause overdose or harm to body

A

yes, overdose and liver damage and stomach damage

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50
Q

define the modalities of chemical senses

A

gustation (taste) and olfaction (smell)

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51
Q

taste (gustation)

A

detects dissolved chemicals on the tongue

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52
Q

what is the anatomy associated with taste receptors

A

papillae (bumps), taste buds, taste pores, taste hairs, and supporting cells

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53
Q

what are the five taste sensations

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

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54
Q

olfactory

A

sense of smell

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55
Q

anatomy of olfactory system

A

look at powerpoint

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56
Q

anatomy of the ear

A

outer, inner, middle ear

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57
Q

be able to label ear structure

A

> > .

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58
Q

what are the functions of the different regions of the inner ear

A

vestibule: to perceive movement and acceleration to maintain equillibrium
semicircular canals: help keep balance with the liquid inside
cochlea: sense of hearing and sound waves

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59
Q

what is sound

A

disturbance that travels through a. medium as a longitudinal wave

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60
Q

what produces sound

A

vibrations

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61
Q

define amplitude of sound

A

intensity of sound energy (loudness)

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62
Q

define frequency of sound

A

pitch of the wave (high or low)

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63
Q

how are amplitude and frequency coded by the cochlea

A

assistance of hair cells

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64
Q

define decibel

A

unit of measurement for intensity of sound

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65
Q

how does the sound intensity that causes ear damage relate to the intensity that causes pain

A

hearing becomes uncomfortable above 110 decibel and becomes pain after 130 decibels

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66
Q

know the anatomy of the inner ear

A

picture

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67
Q

define endolymph

A

fluid within the membranous labyrinth

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68
Q

define perilymph

A

fluid within the bony labrynth

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69
Q

function of macula utriculi in ear

A

detects linear accelerations

70
Q

function of macula sacculi

A

detect vertical acceleration

71
Q

function of otoliths in ears

A

sense rotational head movements, linear and vertical acceleration and gravity

72
Q

function of ampullae

A

sense of spatial orientation

73
Q

function of cupula

A

also a sense of spatial orientation and head movements

74
Q

what are hair cells

A

sensory receptors for sound

75
Q

structure of hair cells

A

picture

76
Q

what senses do hair cells provide

A

hearing and balance

77
Q

how do hair cell structures allow such different functions

A

they convert mechanical energy into electrical energy that is transmitted to the nervous system to decide if it is hearing or balance

78
Q

what are sterocilia

A

short hair cells in the cupula

79
Q

how are K+ channels gated by the sterocilia

A

bending of the sterocilia toward the kinocilium opens the ion channels

80
Q

how does sound cause bending of the sterocilia

A

the sound waves bend it depending on the amplitude and frequency

81
Q

what is the role of tectorial membranes

A

determining the sensitivity and frequency of hearing

82
Q

what is the role of basiiar membranes in hearing

A

supports hair cells, allows brain to interpret sound

83
Q

define auricle

A

outer ear

84
Q

function of auricle

A

collect sound waves

85
Q

function of auditory canal

A

serves as a passageway for sound to reach the eardrum

86
Q

function of tympanum

A

received sound vibrations and transmits those vibrations to the middle ear

87
Q

function of ossicles

A

transmit and amplify vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear

88
Q

function of oval windows

A

carry sound from middle ear to inner ear

89
Q

function of round windows

A

equalizes pressure as sound is going through the ear

90
Q

function of organ of corti

A

contains hearing receptors

91
Q

function of scala tympani

A

conducts sound vibrations to the cochlear duct

92
Q

function of scala media

A

receptor organ for hearing

93
Q

how do loud sounds damage the ear

A

overworks the hair cells which makes them die

94
Q

differentiate between sensorineural and conductive hearing loss

A

sensorineural: abnormal development or damage to the hair cells
conductive: interference in transmission of sound from external auditory canal to inner ear

95
Q

what is tinnitus

A

ringing in the ears

96
Q

what are some causes of tinnitus

A

loud sounds, extreme stress or trauma, degeneration of hair cells, some medications

97
Q

define cochlear tuning

A

measures how large an input is required to give out an output level

98
Q

purpose of tympanic reflex

A

protect inner ear from overstimulation from loud sound

99
Q

define static equillibrium

A

sense of which direction is pulling on the body

100
Q

define linear acceleration

A

moving of the body in a straight line

101
Q

define angular acceleration

A

not in a straight line (head rotation)

102
Q

which part of the ear detects angular acceleration

A

semicircular ducts

103
Q

which part of the eat detects linear acceleration

A

vestibular apparatus and semicircular ducts

104
Q

which part of the ear detects static equillibrium

A

vestibular apparatus

105
Q

what is the electromagnetic spectrum

A

the range of all types of radiation
(radiation is energy that travels and spreads out as it goes)

106
Q

what wavelengths form visible light

A

380 nm to 750 nm

107
Q

which end of the light spectrium senses blue

A

the lower number (380)

108
Q

which end of the light spectrium senses red

A

the higher number (700)

109
Q

which end of the spectrum has higher energy

A

the lower numbers

110
Q

what is UV light

A

invisible light that lies beyond violet, has higher energy and shorter wavelengths than visible lught does

111
Q

define infrared light

A

invisible light that lies beyond violets has higher energy and shorter wavelengths

112
Q

know the anatomy of the eye

A

picture

113
Q

function of extrinsic eye muscles

A

responsible for movement of the eye along the horizontal movement (abduction or adduction), vertical (elevation or depression), and torsional (toward or away from nose)

114
Q

functions of intrinsic eye muscles

A

control the movements of the lens and pupil and vision

115
Q

functions of tunics in eye

A

protects the eyeball and maintains its shape

116
Q

functions of ciliary body in eyes

A

produces the aqueous humor

117
Q

functions of pupils in eyes

A

lets light into the eye as the muscles of the iris change shape

118
Q

function of iris

A

regulates the amount of light that enters into the eye

119
Q

function of suspensory ligaments

A

maintain and support the position of the eye in a normal upward and forward position within the orbit.

120
Q

function of lens

A

transmit and focus the lught onto the retina in order to create a clear image of images in the distance

121
Q

function of anterior and posterior chambers in eye

A

both are filled with aqueous humor (watery fluid) that provides nourishment to interior eye and helps keep eye inflated

122
Q

function of vitreous body

A

maintains the round shape of the eye

123
Q

function of retina

A

captures the light that enters the eye and helps translate it into the images you see

124
Q

function of optic disk

A

transfer signals from photoreceptors of the eye to the optic nerve, allowing us to see

125
Q

function of macula lutea

A

responsible for the sharp, detailed central vision

126
Q

function of fovea centralis

A

allows for high visual activity

127
Q

role of ANS is controlling pupils and lens

A
  • pupil size, lens accomodation, ocular circulation
128
Q

what is the photopupillary reflex

A

reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil

129
Q

list optical vs neural components of the eye

A

neural: retina and optic nerve
optical: cornea and lens, iris, retina

130
Q

define refraction and why it is important in the eyes

A

bending of light to produce a focused image on the retina, it makes it possible for us to have lenses and magnifying glasses and rainbows

131
Q

where does the greatest amount of refraction occur in the eye

A

the cornea

132
Q

what is the role of the lens and how does it adjust to different focal distances

A

transmits light and focuses it on the retina, it changes the shape of the eye lens to change the focal length of the lens to see distances

133
Q

define emmetropia

A

refractive state in a healthy eye where there is perfect vision

134
Q

define near response

A

constriction of pupil in response to looking at a near object

135
Q

define convergence in the eye

A

the way your eyes move together to point inward when you look at nearby object

136
Q

define accomodation in the eye

A

process in which the eyes see objects at different distances and can maintain clear images

137
Q

define pigment epithelium

A

single layer of post mitosis cells that are a selective barrier and regulator of the photoreceptor layer

138
Q

define photoreceptor cells

A

specialized cell found in the retina that cause visual photo transduction

139
Q

define bipolar cells

A

interneurons in the retina that transfer visual information from photoreceptors (rods and cones) to amacrine

140
Q

what is the differnce between rods and cones

A

rods: vision at low light (black and white)
cones: vision at high light (colors)

141
Q

how does the distribution of rods and cones differ in the retina

A

there are more rods, located in the periphery of the eye and are good for detecting light in general.
cones are concentrated near the fovea, responsible for color vision and adapt easy to light

142
Q

what are the functional consequences of the distribution of rods and cones in the retina

A

rods require less light to function, making night vision easier.

143
Q

define rhodopsin

A

pigment in the retina, light sensitive inner lining of the back of the eye

144
Q

define retinal

A

relating to the retina

145
Q

which part of the photopigment is a protein and which part is a vitamin a derivative

A

the opsin is the protein, and the chromophore is the vitamin a derivative

146
Q

where are the opsins located in the rod and cone

A

they are located in the photoreceptors of the retina

147
Q

what happens to photopigment when the light hits

A

it transfers the energy to pigment

148
Q

what are the three types of cones

A

blue, green, red

149
Q

define bleaching of the eye

A

when the rod photopigment are exposed to light, they undergo bleaching.

150
Q

f

A
151
Q

how do you get perception of differnt colors

A

cones

152
Q

what causes red/green color blindness

A

it is a mutation from parents. all X chromosomes must carry the red/green color vision deficiency

153
Q

where do the sensory information from rods and cones and ganglion cells travel in the brain

A

these go to the primary visual cortex in the back of the brain

154
Q

where is the primary visual cortex

A

posterior of the occipital lobe

155
Q

what is the role of the optic chiasm

A

formed when the optic nerves come together in order to allow for the crossing of fibers from the nasal retina to the optic tract on the other side

156
Q

where does the info from the medial and lateral portions of the eye travel

A

the info from the right side goes to the left side (vice versa)

157
Q

describe scoptic systems

A

associated with nighttime vision, vision under low light conditions

158
Q

define photoptic systems

A

associated with daytime vision

159
Q

does scoptic involve rods or cones

A

rods

160
Q

does photoptic involve rods or cones

A

cones

161
Q

what is visual acuity

A

sharpeness of vision

162
Q

define myopia

A

nearsightedness, can see close but not far

163
Q

define hyperopia

A

farsightedness, can see far but not close

164
Q

how is hyperopia corrected

A

with convex lens

165
Q

how is myopia corrects

A

concave lenses

166
Q

what holds the retina in place

A

vitreous body

167
Q

what happens to a detached retina

A

you lose vision due to no blood supply to the eye

168
Q

what happens to your vision with detached retina

A

it goes away

169
Q

what is macular degeneration

A

deterioration of the retina, loss of central vision

170
Q

what is glaucoma

A

condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure and vision loss

A&P 2 Lecture 1 Exam (3 decks)

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