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A&P 2 Lecture 1 Exam > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

define endocrinology

A

study of hormones and endocrine organs

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2
Q

define endocrine

A

glands that secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood

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3
Q

what is a neurotransmitter

A

a chemical that travels from one neuron to another

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4
Q

what is a hormone

A

bodies chemical messengers

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5
Q

what is a paracrine signal

A

allows cells to communicate with each other by releasing signaling molecules that bind to and activate surrounding cells

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6
Q

what is the difference between hormone, paracrine signal

A

hormones are signaling molecules act locally to affect behavior of nearby cells. paracrine signals are a molecule released by one cell that acts on neighboring target cells.

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7
Q

define receptor

A

an organ able to respond to light, heat, or other external stimulus and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve

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8
Q

define target organ

A

organs that respond to a particular hormone

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9
Q

define target cell

A

cells within an organ that respond to a particular hormone

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10
Q

what does neural signaling do

A

releases signals directly onto target cells

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11
Q

what does endocrine signaling do

A

releases signals into the blood

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12
Q

can the same signal be a neurotransmitter or hormone?

A

yes, depending on whether it is released into the blood or at a synapses

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13
Q

what is a synapse

A

gap between neurons

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14
Q

identify the major endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus , pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, and gonads

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15
Q

what hormones are produces by each endocrine gland

A

hypothalmus: GHRH, TRH, GnRH, CRH
pituitary: vasopressin, ACTH, GH, LH, FSH, oxytocin, TSH
thyroid: thyroid hormone
thymus: humoral factors
adrenal gland: corticosteroids
pancreas: glucagon, insulin
gonads: testerone and estrogen

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16
Q

know this:

A

a number of organs that are not endocrine glands produce hormones

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17
Q

what are the three main chemical classes of hormones

A

steroid hormones, monoamines, peptides

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18
Q

what are steroid hormones

A

lipids derived from cholesterol

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19
Q

what are the three main groups of steroid hormones

A

prostagens, androgens, oestrogens

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20
Q

what are monoamines

A

regulatory molecules derived from amino acids, include hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules

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21
Q

what are peptide hormones

A

short chains of amino acids include hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones, most anterior pituitary hormones, both posterior pituitary hormones, insulin and glucagon

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22
Q

significance of hydrophobic in hormone actions

A

able to diffuse through the membrane and interact with an intercellular receptor

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23
Q

hormones alter cell function by acting on cell surface proteins or through intracelluar mechanisms

A

true

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24
Q

what does hydrophobicity determine of a hormone

A

determines which of these a particular hormone does

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25
Q

what do many hydrophilic hormones act through

A

second messenger systems

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26
Q

what are second messenger systems

A

small molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell surface receptors effector proteins

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27
Q

what are the main second messenger systems

A

cAMP, cGMP, DAG, IP3

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28
Q

what is the basic function of the adenylate cyclase and IP3 second messenger systems

A

IP3: stimulates the release of calcium
adenylate cyclase: catalyzes the conversion of ATP and cAMP

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29
Q

what is an adenylate cyclase system

A

membrane bound enzyme catalyzes the conversion ATP and cAMP

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30
Q

define protein kinase

A

an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein

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31
Q

what role does protein kinase have in hormone actions and second messenger systems

A

how does protein kinase alter the activity of enzymatic pathways

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32
Q

how does protein kinase alter the activity of enzymatic pathways

A

they change their confirmation

33
Q

what does phosphorylation mean

A

the process of adding a phosphate to something

34
Q

the effects of activating second messenger systems are

A

cell dependent, and different cell types can use different hormones to activate the same system with cell specific effects

35
Q

what do hydrophobic hormones do in a cell

A

they enter the cell and alter gene expression

36
Q

how can cell sensitive be adjusted

A

upregulation and downregulation of receptors

37
Q

define trophins

A

a hormone released in the body by a certain gland and which produces a response in other glands, stimulating the release of other hormones

38
Q

define trophinc hormones

A

hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary

39
Q

define stimulating hormones

A

a hormone made in the pituitary gland

40
Q

define releasing hormones

A

a hormone that prompts the release of another hormone

41
Q

define inhibiting hormones

A

hormones whose main purpose is to control the release of other hormones

42
Q

what do hypophysiotrophic hormones act on

A

act on the anterior pituitary to release hormones

43
Q

what do gonadotrophins act on

A

the gonads to release hormones

44
Q

what do ACTH act on

A

the adrenal cortex to release hormones

45
Q

what acts more quickly, a hormone with actions vs a second messenger system or one that causes changes in gene expression

A

??

46
Q

define upregulation

A

the increase at the cellular level of the rate of a physiological response

47
Q

define downregulation

A

the reduction at the cellular level of the rate of a physiological response

48
Q

how do up and down regulation influence the sensitivity of the cell to the hormone

A

in upregulation, the number of receptors increases in response to rising hormone levels, making the cell more sensitive to the hormone allowing for more cellular activity.
when the number of receptors decrease in response to rising hormone levels, that is called down regulation

49
Q

to study the endocrine system, it is useful to think about each gland like this :

A
  1. what hormones does it secrete
  2. what do those hormones do
  3. what causes their release
50
Q

hypothalamus question guide

A
  1. what hormones does it secrete: TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH
  2. what do those hormones do: stimulate the release of pituitary hormones
  3. what cause their release: act on the pituitary gland
51
Q

the thymus secretes what hormones

A

thymosins and thymopoietin, which regulate development and later activation of T-lymphocytes
undergo shrinkage after puberty

52
Q

what are the thyroid hormones

A

T3, T4; increase the metabolic rate and heat production, and respiratory rate

53
Q

what do interstitial cells produce

A

testosterone

54
Q

what do granulosa cells produce

A

estrogen

55
Q

ovarian follicles produce:

A

estrogen known as estradiol

56
Q

androgen

A

male sex hormone

57
Q

estrogen

A

female sex hormones

58
Q

what are gonads

A

ovaries in female, testes in males

59
Q

define insulin shock

A

hypoglycemia resulting in an overflow of insulin in the blood
blood glucose <40

60
Q

what is ketonuria

A

ketones in the urine

61
Q

what is glycosuria

A

sugar in the urine

62
Q

what is hyperglycemia

A

excessive sugar in the blood

63
Q

what is polyphagia

A

excessive hunger

64
Q

what is polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

65
Q

what is polyuria

A

excessive ruination

66
Q

know the signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus

A

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, ketonuria

67
Q

basic cause of type 2 diabetes i

A

insulin resistance

68
Q

basic cause of type 1 diabetes

A

loss of beta cells, possibly from autoimmune destruction
begins at young age

69
Q

what is glucose homeostasis

A

maintaining glucose levels in the body at near constant level

70
Q

pancreas beta cells produce

A

insulin, which lowers blood glucose by allowing cells to take it into the cell

71
Q

pancreas alpha cells produce

A

glucagon to raise blood glucose

72
Q

pancreas

A

endocrine function: makes insulin to control blood sugar
exocrine function: secretion of digestive enzymes
islets: control blood glucose levels

73
Q

describe the general adaptation syndrome:

A

describes the physiological changes your body goes through as a response to stress (GAS)
three phases: alarm reaction, resistance phase, and period of exhaustion.

74
Q

describe the stress response

A

alarm reaction stage, resistance stage, exhaustion stage

75
Q

what is a corticosteroid

A

a group of hormones, including cortisol, released by adrenal glands under stress

76
Q

what is calcitonin

A

a hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of lowering blood calcium

77
Q

what are the symptoms of adult onset hypothyroidism

A
78
Q

know the endocrine glands and the hormones released by all

A

A&P 2 Lecture 1 Exam (3 decks)

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