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A&P 2 Lecture 1 Exam > ans > Flashcards

ans Flashcards

1
Q

define autonomic nervous system

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions

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2
Q

what does the ANS consist of

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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3
Q

what does the ANS regulate

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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4
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do

A

sends information between the brain and muscles

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5
Q

what is the visceral motor system

A

another name for the autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

describe the somatic pathway (skeletal muscles)

A

starts with efferent innervation, goes through the myelinated fibers, to the ACh into the target organ
(look up video)

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7
Q

autonomic pathways (cardiac and smooth muscle, and glands)

A

autonomic efferent innervation to the myelinated preganglionic fibers to the autonomic ganglion with ACh inside, to the unmyelinated postganglionic fibers, to the ACh or NE going into the target organs. (visceral effectors)
look up video

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8
Q

define ganglia

A

clusters of nerve cell bodies found throughout the body. they are a part of the peripheral NS and carry nerve signals to and from the CNS

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9
Q

define preganglionic

A

literally “before the ganglion”
referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia

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10
Q

postganglionic

A

literally “after the ganglion”
referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the autonomic ganglia to various targets in the body

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11
Q

how many neurons are in the pathway to the effector organ

A

two neurons that transmit impulses from the central nervous system to the effector tissue

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12
Q

what neurotransmitters and receptors are use in the ANS

A

neurotransmitters: ACh, epi, and norepinephrine
receptors: alpha and beta

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13
Q

where do you find Ach and Ach receptors?

A

ACh is secreted by preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, and in the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division.
Any neuron that secretes ACh is a cholinergic neuron and any receptor that binds to it is a cholinergic receptor.

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14
Q

where would you find NE and NE receptors

A

NE is secreted by nearly all sympathetic postganglionic fibers. Neurons that secrete NE are called adrengic neurons and the receptors are called adrengic receptors

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15
Q

what are involved in regulating the ans

A

cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, the brain stem, and the spinal cord

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16
Q

what does afferent mean

A

moving towards a center

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17
Q

what does efferent mean

A

moving away from the center

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18
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

the outer layer of the brain (wrinkly), that controls consciousness, memory, and language.

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19
Q

what is the role of the cerebral cortex

A

to carry out emotional, sensory, and motor functions

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20
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

it is in the floor of the brain, and it controls the pituitary gland

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21
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus

A

contains centers for behavioral drives, temperature regulation, coordination of reproductive hormones, flight or fight response, and growth

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22
Q

what is the brainstem

A

it is made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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23
Q

what is the role of the brainstem

A

mostly autonomic functions (breathing, sleeping, heart beating)

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24
Q

what is the spinal cord

A

the main communication link between the brain and the body

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25
Q

what is the role of the spinal cord

A

integrates autonomic reflexes like urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation

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26
Q

what are the visceral arc components

A

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effectors

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27
Q

what are visceral reflex arcs

A

a series of events where a sensory stimulus in an organ leads to a predictable visceral motor response mediated by the ANS

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28
Q

what stimuli trigger visceral reflex arcs

A

stretch, blood pressure, and body temp

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29
Q

what is the pattern of a visceral reflex arc

A

watch youtube video

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30
Q

what physiological processes are regulated by the ANS

A

heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal

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31
Q

describe the regulation of blood pressure by the parasympathetic divisions as an example of autonomic reflex arcs

A

receptors: baroreceptors in the carotid sinus
afferent neurons: via glossopharyngeal nerve to medulla oblongata
integration takes place in the reticular formation of the medulla

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32
Q

what are the two divisions of the ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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33
Q

what does the parasympathetic division do

A

supports state of inactivity

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34
Q

define rest and digest

A

physical state that occurs when the body is at rest

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35
Q

what does the sympathetic division do

A

prepares the body for activity

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36
Q

define fight or flight

A

reaction that helps the body confront or avoid a stressor

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37
Q

what is the anatomy of the parasympathetic division

A

origin of fibers: brain and sacral spinal cord
length of fibers: long preganglionic and postganglionic
location of ganglia: in the visceral effector organs

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38
Q

what is the anatomy of the sympathetic division

A

origin of fibers: thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
length of fibers: short preganglionic and long postganglionic
location of ganglia: close to spinal cord

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39
Q

what does craniosacral mean

A

relating to the cranium and sacrum

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40
Q

what does thoracolumbar mean

A

pertaining to the chest and lower spine

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41
Q

define autonomic tone

A

the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity

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42
Q

how does autonomic tone relate to the control of vasculature

A

the endothelium and ANS work together to regulate vessel tone. Vasodilation and vasoconstrictor substances from the endothelial cells can maintain the vascular tone properly via affecting the activity of ANS

43
Q

what is vasculature

A

network of blood vessels in a particular organ

44
Q

define vasomotor tone

A

the partial state of smooth muscle constriction in the arterial walls

45
Q

how does the sympathetic division regulate vasodilation and vasoconstriction

A

the activation of sympathetic nerves results in vasoconstriction
increasing metabolic activity induces vasodilation

46
Q

what is vasodilation

A

widening of blood vessels

47
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of blood vessels

48
Q

how do cardiac and skeletal vasculature have different NE receptors than skin and visceral vasculature?

A
49
Q

define dual control by sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

it means that they receive competing inputs from both divisions

50
Q

compare the heart, salivary glands, and pupil diameter during dual control

A

look in book

51
Q

compare the neural pathways of both divisions

A

look in book

52
Q

all outflow from the CNS is from the

A

spinal nerves

53
Q

what does paravertebral mean

A

near the vertebrae or spinal column

54
Q

what is chain ganglia

A

a sequence of ganglia running parallel to spinal column on either side o

55
Q

what are prevertebral ganglia (aka collateral ganglia)

A

autonomic ganglia that are anterior to the vertebral column and functionally related to the sympathetic chain ganglia

56
Q

what is the cardiac plexus

A

complex network of nerve fibers near the base of the heart that receive sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulations to regulate heart rate

57
Q

what is the pulmonary plexus

A

network of autonomic nervous system fibers found near the hilum of the lung

58
Q

what is the abdominal aortic plexus

A

consists of the celiac plexus, the superior mesenteric plexus, and the inferior mesenteric plexus

59
Q

what is the anatomy of the abdominal aortic plexus

A

it is on the sides and front of the aorta, between the origins of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

60
Q

what is the anatomy of the paravertebral (aka chain ganglia)

A

wedged shape compartment adjacent to the vertebral bodies
paravertebral ganglia run on either side of the vertebral bodies

61
Q

what is the anatomy of the prevertebral (aka collateral ganglia)

A

situated anterior to the vertebral column and receive input from splanchic nerves as well as central sympathetic neurons.
they are associated with controlling organs in the abdominal canvity

62
Q

what is the anatomy of the cardiac plexuas

A

lies beneath the aortic arch and anterior to the right of the pulmonary artery

63
Q

what is the anatomy of the pulmonary plexus

A

network of autonomic nerves and ganglia situated at the pulmonary hila of each lung. it regulates smooth muscle tone and blood flow

64
Q

what is the role of spinal nerves

A

to communicate with the CNS via incoming sensory information from the body to the spinal cord, and outgoing information from the spinal cord to the rest of the body via spinal nerves

65
Q

what is the role of sympathetic nerves

A

fight of flight response

66
Q

what is the role of splanchnic nerves

A

they connect the prevertebral ganglia to the sympathetic chain

67
Q

what effectors do splanchnic nerves service

A

effectors in the abdominal cavity and reproductive organs

68
Q

what effectors do the spinal nerves service

A

effectors in the skin and skeletal muscle

69
Q

what effectors do sympathetic nerves service

A

viscera of the head and thoracic cavity

70
Q

know this: the sympathetic division has

A

high divergence and widespread actions due to the short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers

71
Q

what are adrenal glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands that sit above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress

72
Q

what is the adrenal medulla

A

modified sympathetic ganglion that released cateocholamines into the blood

73
Q

what are cateocholamines

A

another word for epinephrine and norepinephrine

74
Q

what is the adrenal cortex

A

outer section of each adrenal gland: secretes cortisol and sex hormones

75
Q

how is blood vessel diameter regulated without dual innervation

A

by the sympathetic nervous system

76
Q

what cranial nerves are involved in the ANS

A

third (III), seventh (VII), ninth (IX), and the tenth (X)

77
Q

where are ganglia of the sympathetic NS

A

near the vertebral column and aorta, distant from the target organs

78
Q

where are the synapses of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

near or within the target organs, resulting in less divergences

79
Q

what does divergence mean

A

the act of splitting into different directions

80
Q

describe the cranial nerve pathways

A

these are responsible for transmitting information between he brain and rest of the body. they consist of different fibers carrying information from the brain to different afferent fibers, which then carry info to the body

81
Q

what are the cranial nerves

A

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal.

82
Q

what is the cranial nerve pneumonic

A

OH (olfactory) OH (optic) OH (oculomotor) TO (trochlear) TOUCH (trigeminal) AND (abducens) FEEL (facial) VERY (vestibulocochlear) GOOD (glossopharyngeal) VAGINA (vagus) AH (accessory) HEAVEN (hypoglossal)

83
Q

what are oculomotor nerves

A

cranial nerves that control smooth muscle of eye, cause pupils to constrict and lenses to bulge for focusing

84
Q

what are optic nerves

A

cranial nerves that carry visual messages to the brain

85
Q

what are olfactory nerves

A

cranial nerves that are used for sense of smell

86
Q

what are facial nerves

A

cranial nerves that help with facial expression and salivary glands

87
Q

what are abducens nerve

A

one of the cranial nerves responsible for eye movement

88
Q

what are glossopharyngeal nerves

A

cranial nerves that stimulates salivary glands, help transmit information to mouth and throat

89
Q

what are vagus nerves

A

cranial nerves for the pharynx, larynx, and viscera

90
Q

vagus nerves targets

A

majority of abdominal organs

91
Q

facial nerve targets

A

glands of oral cavity, sensory info to face and tongue

92
Q

oculumotor nerve targets

A

movement of eye muscles, constriction of pupils, focusing the eyes and eyelid position

93
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve targets

A

pharynx, middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, sinuses

94
Q

describe the cardiac plexus and its targets

A

mesh work of neurons that innervate the heart and cardiac tissue
target: influences heart rate, cardiac output, and heart contractions

95
Q

describe the pulmonary plexus and its targets

A

innervates the lungs and carries visceral afferents back into the CNS
consists of efferent and afferent nerve fibers and branches around the pulmonary vasculature

96
Q

describe the abdominal aortic plexus

A

neurons and ganglia that are situated on the anterior and lateral surface of the abdominal aorta and supply hindgut and pelvis viscera

97
Q

KNOW THIS: THE PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION DOES NOT HAVE

A

an equivalent to the adrenal medulla to release signals into the blood

98
Q

where are muscarinic receptors used

A

all glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscles

99
Q

where are nicotinic receptors used

A

adrenal medulla, preganglionic fibers, skeletal muscle

100
Q

where are alpha receptors used

A

on arterioles of skin, abdominal viscera

101
Q

where are beta receptors used

A

on vasculature, cardiac muscle, airways

102
Q

what is a beta blocker

A

used to manage abnormal heart rhythms and to protect from second heart attack
- meds that block NE and EPI receptors

103
Q

what are the types of cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

104
Q

what are the types of adrengic receptor classes

A

alpha and beta

A&P 2 Lecture 1 Exam (3 decks)

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