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A&P I Lecture > Senses > Flashcards

Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A
  • prediction and decision making
  • learning
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2
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Receives scent info and send it to brain via olfactory tracts

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3
Q

Olfactory tracts

A

Connects and carrier signals from olfactory bulb to cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Insula

A
  • Gustatory and sensorimotor processing
  • Risk-reward behavior
  • Autonomics
  • Pain pathways
  • Auditory and vestibular functioning
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5
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintains homeostasis

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6
Q

Amygdala

A

Responsible for the feeling of fear and threatening stimuli

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7
Q

Primary olfactory cortex

A

perceives and processes odor

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8
Q

Hippocampus

A

Responisble for learning + memory

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9
Q

Cranial nerves involved in taste

A

CN VII (Facial) – taste buds on ant 2/3 of tongue
CN IX (Glossopharayngeal) – taste buds on post 1/3 of tongue
CN X (Vagus) – Epiglottis

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10
Q

5 Categories of Gustation

A
  1. Salty – sodium + potsassium
  2. Sweet – sugars/ carbs
  3. Umami – amino acids
  4. Sour – acids
  5. Bitter – alkaloids (lowest threshold)
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11
Q

Craving the 5 taste sensations

A
  1. Salty – electrolyte deficiency
  2. Sweet – energy
  3. Umami – protein deficiency
  4. Sour – avoid spoiled food
  5. Bitter – avoid spoiled food
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12
Q

Brainstem

A

Pathway for cranial nerves to reach brain

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13
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay info to cerebral cortex

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14
Q

Name and function of ear ossicles

A
  1. Malleus, incus, stapes
  2. To transmit sound from eardrum to cochlea and inner ear
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15
Q

Oval window function

A
  1. Transmit movement and vibrations to the cochlea
  2. activate hearing receptors
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16
Q

Auditory tube function

A

regulate pressure and fluid in the ear

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17
Q

Ear infections in infants are more common because

A

Their auditory tube is horizontal and skinny – harder to regulate the expelling of fluid

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18
Q

Perilymph

A
  • located in scala tympani and vestibuli
  • helps with transmission of sound waves to the hair cells
19
Q

Endolymph

A
  • located in cochlear duct and scala media
  • transmission of sound waves to the hair cells
20
Q

Spiral organ functions

A
  1. creates a funnel of sound
  2. vibrates liquid in cochlea
  3. liquid moves nerve endings that send electrical signals
21
Q

Inner and Outer Hair Cells function

A

Amplify the sounds that enter cochlea

22
Q

Auricle

A

Collects sound waves and channels them into ear canal

23
Q

external auditory malleus

A

amplifies sound

24
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

25
Q

malleus

A

transmits sound vibrations

26
Q

stapes

A

passes vibration to oval window

27
Q

incus

A

passes vibration to stapes

28
Q

oval window

A

vibrations generate fluid within vestibular duct

29
Q

cochlear duct

A

Waves push against flexible membrane and causes waves in tympanic duct and tectorial membrane

30
Q

Cochlear nerve

A

carries impulse to primary auditory neurons in the medulla

31
Q

Auditory pathway

A
  1. Auricle
  2. External auditory malleus
  3. Tympanic membrane
  4. Ossicles
  5. Oval Window
  6. Cochlear duct
  7. Tectorial membrane
  8. Cochlear nerve
  9. Medulla
  10. Midbrain
  11. Thalamus
  12. Auditory coretex
32
Q

Visual Pathway Pt.1

(Up to CN II)

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Aqueous humor
  3. iris, pupil
  4. lens
  5. vitreous humor
  6. retina – activates rods and cones
  7. nerve impulses formed and move along optic nerve
33
Q

Flow of tears

A
  1. Lacrimal gland
  2. Lacrimal ducts
  3. Ocular surface
  4. Lacrimal puncta
  5. lacrimal canaliculi
  6. lacrimal sac
  7. nasolacrimal duct
  8. inferior nasal meatus
  9. pharynx
  10. esophagus
34
Q

Eye structures involved with where light strikes retina

A
  1. cornea
  2. lens
  3. ciliary body
  4. suspensory ligaments
35
Q

Eye structures involved with how much light strikes retina

A
  1. Iris
  2. Pupil
  3. Extrinsic muscles
  4. orbicularis oculi
  5. levator palpebrae superioris
36
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

contains ducts that drain tears into nasal cavity

37
Q

Importance of tears

A
  1. cleanse + lubricate the eye
  2. deliver oxygen and nutrients to the conjuctiva (contains lysozyme)
  3. Prevent bacterial infections
38
Q

What happens if there is a blockage of the lacrimal puncta?

A
  1. tears cannot drain into the lacrimal canal
  2. tears will build up and overflow onto the cheek
39
Q

What structure does the retina receive its oxygen supply from?

A
  • The vascular layer between the sclera and the retina
  • Blood vessels in the choroid help provide oxygen and nutrients to the eye.
40
Q

Fovea centralis

A
  1. center of the macula
  2. responsible for finely detailed vision
41
Q

Convex lens

A
  • converges light rays
  • shortens focal point
  • light focus on retina
  • corrects hyperopia
42
Q

Concave lens

A
  • diverges light rays
  • corrects myopia
43
Q

Pupillary dilation is caused by what ANS division

A

Sympathetic
(Sympathetic big eyes)

44
Q

Pupillary constriction caused from what autonomic division

A

parasympathetic

A&P I Lecture (6 decks)

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