Senses

Question 1

Orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 1

• prediction and decision making
• learning

Question 2

Olfactory bulb

Answer 2

Receives scent info and send it to brain via olfactory tracts

Question 3

Olfactory tracts

Answer 3

Connects and carrier signals from olfactory bulb to cerebral cortex

Question 4

Insula

Answer 4

• Gustatory and sensorimotor processing
• Risk-reward behavior
• Autonomics
• Pain pathways
• Auditory and vestibular functioning

Question 5

Hypothalamus

Answer 5

Maintains homeostasis

Question 6

Amygdala

Answer 6

Responsible for the feeling of fear and threatening stimuli

Question 7

Primary olfactory cortex

Answer 7

perceives and processes odor

Question 8

Hippocampus

Answer 8

Responisble for learning + memory

Question 9

Cranial nerves involved in taste

Answer 9

CN VII (Facial) – taste buds on ant 2/3 of tongue
CN IX (Glossopharayngeal) – taste buds on post 1/3 of tongue
CN X (Vagus) – Epiglottis

Question 10

5 Categories of Gustation

Answer 10

1. Salty – sodium + potsassium
2. Sweet – sugars/ carbs
3. Umami – amino acids
4. Sour – acids
5. Bitter – alkaloids (lowest threshold)

Question 11

Craving the 5 taste sensations

Answer 11

1. Salty – electrolyte deficiency
2. Sweet – energy
3. Umami – protein deficiency
4. Sour – avoid spoiled food
5. Bitter – avoid spoiled food

Question 12

Brainstem

Answer 12

Pathway for cranial nerves to reach brain

Question 13

Thalamus

Answer 13

Relay info to cerebral cortex

Question 14

Name and function of ear ossicles

Answer 14

1. Malleus, incus, stapes
2. To transmit sound from eardrum to cochlea and inner ear

Question 15

Oval window function

Answer 15

1. Transmit movement and vibrations to the cochlea
2. activate hearing receptors

Question 16

Auditory tube function

Answer 16

regulate pressure and fluid in the ear

Question 17

Ear infections in infants are more common because

Answer 17

Their auditory tube is horizontal and skinny – harder to regulate the expelling of fluid

Question 18

Perilymph

Answer 18

• located in scala tympani and vestibuli
• helps with transmission of sound waves to the hair cells

Question 19

Endolymph

Answer 19

• located in cochlear duct and scala media
• transmission of sound waves to the hair cells

Question 20

Spiral organ functions

Answer 20

1. creates a funnel of sound
2. vibrates liquid in cochlea
3. liquid moves nerve endings that send electrical signals

Question 21

Inner and Outer Hair Cells function

Answer 21

Amplify the sounds that enter cochlea

Question 22

Auricle

Answer 22

Collects sound waves and channels them into ear canal

Question 23

external auditory malleus

Answer 23

amplifies sound

Question 24

tympanic membrane

Answer 24

eardrum

Question 25

malleus

Answer 25

transmits sound vibrations

Question 26

stapes

Answer 26

passes vibration to oval window

Question 27

incus

Answer 27

passes vibration to stapes

Question 28

oval window

Answer 28

vibrations generate fluid within vestibular duct

Question 29

cochlear duct

Answer 29

Waves push against flexible membrane and causes waves in tympanic duct and tectorial membrane

Question 30

Cochlear nerve

Answer 30

carries impulse to primary auditory neurons in the medulla

Question 31

Auditory pathway

Answer 31

1. Auricle 2. External auditory malleus 3. Tympanic membrane 4. Ossicles 5. Oval Window 6. Cochlear duct 7. Tectorial membrane 8. Cochlear nerve 9. Medulla 10. Midbrain 11. Thalamus 12. Auditory coretex

Question 32

Visual Pathway Pt.1 | (Up to CN II)

Answer 32

1. Cornea 2. Aqueous humor 3. iris, pupil 4. lens 5. vitreous humor 6. retina – activates rods and cones 7. nerve impulses formed and move along optic nerve

Question 33

Flow of tears

Answer 33

1. Lacrimal gland 2. Lacrimal ducts 3. Ocular surface 4. Lacrimal puncta 5. lacrimal canaliculi 6. lacrimal sac 7. nasolacrimal duct 8. inferior nasal meatus 9. pharynx 10. esophagus

Question 34

Eye structures involved with ***where*** light strikes retina

Answer 34

1. cornea 2. lens 3. ciliary body 4. suspensory ligaments

Question 35

Eye structures involved with ***how much*** light strikes retina

Answer 35

1. Iris 2. Pupil 3. Extrinsic muscles 4. orbicularis oculi 5. levator palpebrae superioris

Question 36

Lacrimal apparatus

Answer 36

contains ducts that drain tears into nasal cavity

Question 37

Importance of tears

Answer 37

1. cleanse + lubricate the eye 2. deliver oxygen and nutrients to the conjuctiva (contains lysozyme) 3. Prevent bacterial infections

Question 38

What happens if there is a blockage of the lacrimal puncta?

Answer 38

1. tears cannot drain into the lacrimal canal 2. tears will build up and overflow onto the cheek

Question 39

What structure does the retina receive its oxygen supply from?

Answer 39

* The vascular layer between the sclera and the retina * Blood vessels in the choroid help provide oxygen and nutrients to the eye.

Question 40

Fovea centralis

Answer 40

1. center of the macula 2. responsible for finely detailed vision

Question 41

Convex lens

Answer 41

- converges light rays - shortens focal point - light focus on retina - corrects hyperopia

Question 42

Concave lens

Answer 42

- diverges light rays - corrects myopia

Question 43

Pupillary dilation is caused by what ANS division

Answer 43

Sympathetic (Sympathetic big eyes)

Question 44

Pupillary constriction caused from what autonomic division

Answer 44

parasympathetic