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ASCI2120 Exam 1 > Sense Organs > Flashcards

Sense Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 groups sense organs are divided into?

A

general sense and special sense

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2
Q

What do general senses include?

A

touch, pressure, pain, temperature (heat and cold), proprioception, visceral sensations

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3
Q

What do special senses include?

A

eye (vision), ear (hearing), equilibrium (balance and head position), smell (odors), taste, electromagnetic/light, mechanical, chemical

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4
Q

What is a sensory receptor?

A

a specialized cell or cell processes

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5
Q

What are the simplest sensory receptors?

A

free nerve endings (branching tips of dendrites)

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6
Q

What is receptor function?

A

receptor specificity
development of receptor potentials
translates a stimulus into an action potential that can be quickly conducted to the CNS (transduction)
the intensity of the stimulus is indicated by the frequency and pattern of action potentials

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7
Q

What is the classification of general sense receptors?

A

nociceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors

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8
Q

What do nociceptors recieve?

A

pain and local anesthetics

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9
Q

What do thermoreceptors recieve?

A

temperature

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10
Q

What are the three types of mechanoreceptors?

A

tactile receptors (touch, pressure, and vibration), baroreceptors (pressure in blood vessels), proprioceptors (positions of joints and muscle)

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11
Q

What do chemoreceptors recieve?

A

chemical concentration

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12
Q

What is smell provided by?

A

paired olfactory organs

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13
Q

Where is olfaction located?

A

in the nasal cavity on either side of the nasal septum

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14
Q

What are the two parts of olfaction called?

A

vomeronasal organ and olfactory mucose/bulb

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15
Q

What are the steps of olfactory reception?

A

odorants –> bind to odorant binding proteins –> opens sodium channels –> graded potentials –> action potentials

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16
Q

What are the steps of the olfactory pathways?

A

receptor potential –> olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I) in the olfactory bulb –> olfactory tract –> thalamus –> olfactory centers (temporal lobe) of the brain

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17
Q

What is the olfactory organ made up of?

A

olfactory epithelium and lamina propria

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18
Q

What are olfactory receptor cells and where are they located?

A

they are olfactory cilia that contain receptor proteins sensitive to chemicals dissolved in overlying mucus in the olfactory epithelium

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19
Q

What kind of cells are in olfactory epithelium

A

supporting cells

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20
Q

What are the surfaces of the olfactory epithelium coated with>

A

secretions of the olfactory glands

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21
Q

What is the lamina propria

A

an underlying layer of areolar tissue that contains olfactory glands

22
Q

What is in gustation?

A

taste (gustatory) receptors are clustered in taste buds

23
Q

What are taste buds associated with?

A

taste buds are associated with epithelial projections (lingual papillae) on dorsal surface of tongue

24
Q

What does each taste bud contain?

A

gustatory cells, which extend taste hairs through a narrow taste pore

25
Q

What are the steps to the gustatory pathway?

A

receptor potential in the gustatory cells –> facial nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve –> medulla oblongata –> thalamus –> gustatory area of the cerebral cortex in the parietal lobe of the brain

26
Q

What are the three layers of the eye?

A

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic (uvea), neural tunic (retina)

27
Q

What is included in the fibrous tunic?

A

outer layer, sclera, cornea, limbus

28
Q

What is included in the vascular tunic (uvea)?

A

middle layer, iris, ciliary body, choroid

29
Q

What is the neural tunic?

A

inner layer

30
Q

What does the pigment part of the neural tunic include?

A

a thin outer layer that absorbs light that passes through the neural part

31
Q

What does the neural part of the neural tunic include?

A

a thick inner layer that contains light receptors and associated neurons

32
Q

What is included in the neural part of the retina

A

photoreceptor neurons, visual receptors (rods, cones, bipolar cells, ganglionic neurons)

33
Q

What do the rods in the eye do?

A

the do not discriminate colors and are every light sensitive

34
Q

What do the cones of the eye do?

A

they provide color vision and include macula lutea and fovea *highest concentration of cones; provides sharpest vision

35
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

a blind spot (a circular region)

36
Q

What is the function of the lens of the eye?

A

to focus a visual image on the photoreceptors by changing its shapes

37
Q

When is light refracted?

A

light is refracted (bent) when it passes through the cornea and lens, precisely forming a miniature image

38
Q

What is accommodation?

A

focusing images on the retina by changing the shape of the les, the lens becomes rounder to focus on the image of a nearby object

39
Q

What are the steps of the visual pathway?

A

axons from all ganglion cells converge on the optic disc –> optic nerves –> optic chiasm –> optic tracts –> optic radiations –> visual cortex of occipital lobe in another side

40
Q

What typically shows little convergence?

A

cones

41
Q

What is convergence?

A

information processing and integration

42
Q

What is the fluid inside the inner ear?

A

endolymph

43
Q

What protects and surrounds the membranous labyrinth?

A

The bony labyrinth

44
Q

What is the inner ear subdivided into?

A

vestibule
three semicircular canals
cochlea

45
Q

What does the vestibule receptors provide?

A

receptors provide sensations of gravity and linear acceleration

46
Q

What do semicircular canals receptors provide?

A

receptors provide sensations of rotation

47
Q

What do cochlear receptors provide?

A

receptors provide the sense of hearing

48
Q

What is the basic receptor of the inner ear?

A

hair cell

49
Q

How does a hair cell release chemical transmitters?

A

distortion of the stereocilia and kinocilium makes the cell release chemical transmitters

50
Q

What do stereocilia and kinocilium provide?

A

provide information about the direction and strength of the mechanical stimuli

51
Q

What is the pathway for equilibrium sensations?

A

hair cells of the vestibule and semicircular ducts –> sensory neurons –> vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve –> vestibular nuclei at the boundary between the pons and the medulla oblongata –> cerebellum and parietal lobe

52
Q

What is the auditory pathway?

A

the sensory neuron afferent fibers forms the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve –> cochlear nucleus in the medulla oblongata –> temporal lobe of the opposite side of the brain

ASCI2120 Exam 1 (4 decks)

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