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ASCI2120 Exam 1 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What do receptors do?

A

detect changes or respond to stimuli

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2
Q

What are receptors made of?

A

neurons and specialized cells?

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3
Q

What are receptors classified as?

A

complex sensory organs

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4
Q

What do effectors do?

A

respond to efferent signals

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5
Q

What make up effectors?

A

cells and organs

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6
Q

What is included in effectors?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles, and glands

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7
Q

What are the subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, nerves, sensory receptors

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8
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

all the neural tissue outside of the CNS

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10
Q

What are nerves?

A

bundles of axons with connective tissue and blood vessels

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11
Q

What do nerves do?

A

carry sensory information and motor information

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12
Q

What do the cranial nerves do?

A

connect to brain

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13
Q

What do spinal nerves do?

A

attach to spinal cord

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14
Q

What are the commands in the PNS?

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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15
Q

What are the functions of the CNS?

A

to process and coordinate sensory and analytical data from inside and outside of the body, motor controls that control activities of peripheral organs, and higher functions of the brain like intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion

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16
Q

What are the functions of the nerves of the PNS?

A

to deliver sensory information to the CNS and carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems

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17
Q

What is the function of the receptors of the PNS?

A

to detect change or respond to stimuli

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18
Q

What are the functional divisions of the PNS?

A

afferent and efferent division

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19
Q

What does the afferent division of the PNS do?

A

carry sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS

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20
Q

What does the efferent division of the PNS do?

A

carry motor commands from the CNS to PNS to muscles and glands

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21
Q

Give the order of a general neural circuit.

A
  1. skin receptor
  2. afferent or sensory neuron
  3. synapses on interneuron
  4. interneuron
  5. efferent or motor neuron
  6. striated muscles (effector)
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22
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS?

A

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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23
Q

What effect sympathetic division have?

A

has a stimulating effect

24
Q

What kind of effect does parasympathetic division have?

A

Has a relaxing effect

25
Q

What are the four structural classifications of neurons?

A

anaxonic neurons
bipolar neurons
unipolar neurons
multipolar neurons

26
Q

Describe anaxonic neurons

A

no anatomic clues to distinguish dendrites from axons

27
Q

Describe bipolar neurons

A

two distinct processes: one dendritic process and one axon with a cell body between them

28
Q

describe unipolar neurons

A

fused dendrites and axon, cell body to one side

29
Q

describe multipolar neurons

A

multiple dendrites, 1 axon

30
Q

Name the 4 types of neural tissue.

A

ependymal cells, microganglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

31
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

they line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain and secrete cerebrospinal fluid

32
Q

What are micorganglia?

A

they are the wandering police force

33
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

They line the CNS capillaries and maintain the blood-brain barrier

34
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

insulation, schwann cells (serve as the myelinating cell of the PNS and support cells of peripheral neurons), many axons of the CNS are completely sheathed in the process of oligodendrocytes (myelinated– internodes and nodes), regions dominated by myelinated axons constitute white matter of CNS, unmyelinated axons and densely packed neuron cell bodies with the concentration of NIssel bodies constitute the gray matter of the CNS

35
Q

What are the neuroglia of the PNS?

A

satellite cells and schwann cells

36
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

surround the neuron cell bodies in the ganglia

37
Q

What do schwann cells do?

A

form a sheath around every peripheral axon and a schwann cells can myelinate only one segment of a single axon, however, it can enclose segments of several unmyelinated axons

38
Q

What are the three functional classifications of neurons?

A

sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons

39
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

afferent neurons of the PNS

40
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

efferent neurons of the PNS

41
Q

What are interneurons?

A

association neurons

42
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

Deliver information from sensory receptors to the CNS

43
Q

Where are sensory neurons located?

A

they are unipolar and the cell bodies are located in peripheral sensory ganglia

44
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

45
Q

What do the processes of the sensory neurons do?

A

processes (afferent fibers) extend from sensory receptors to CNS

46
Q

What is the classification of sensory neurons?

A

somatic sensory neurons and visceral sensory neurons

47
Q

What do somatic sensory neurons do?

A

monitor the effects of external environment

48
Q

What do visceral sensory neurons do?

A

monitor the internal environment

49
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

the processes of specialized sensory neurons or cells monitored by sensory neurons

50
Q

What do exteroceptors do?

A

sense external environment (touch, temperature, pressure, sight, smell, and hearing)

51
Q

What do proprioceptors do?

A

sense the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joint

52
Q

What do interoceptors do?

A

Monitor inside organ systems and sense taste, deep pressure, and pain

53
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

carry instructions from the CNS to peripheral effectors

54
Q

How do motor neurons carry information?

A

via efferent fibers: axons traveling away from the CNS

55
Q

What is the classification of motor neurons?

A

somatic motor neurons (somatic nervous system) and visceral motor neurons (autonomic nervous system)

56
Q

What do somatic motor neurons do?

A

Innervate skeletal muscles (to supply with nerves)

57
Q

What do visceral motor neurons do?

A

innervate all peripheral effectors other than skeletal muscles

ASCI2120 Exam 1 (4 decks)

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