Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ASCI2120 Exam 1 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A
  1. chemical or molecular level
  2. cellular level
  3. tissue level
  4. organ level
  5. system level
  6. organism level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of dynamic equilibrium of internal environment of the body.
Ex: body temperature, acid-base balance, fluid balance, hormonal, nutrient, oxygen levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does homeostatic autoregulation (intrinsic regulation) do?

A

adjust automatically in response to some environmental changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is homeostatic extrinsic regualtion?

A

nervous and endocrine systems adjust the activities of many systems simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

a corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

a mechanism that increases a deviation from normal limits after an initial stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cell physiology include?

A

cellular environment, movement of substance through cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the fluids of the cellular environment?

A

intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does extracellular fluid consist of?

A

interstitial fluid, blood and lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What percentage of water is muscle?

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What percentage of fat is water?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does acid release?

A

H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do bases release?

A

OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the normal body pH of mammals?

A

7.35-7.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

the total solute concentration in an aqueous solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

equal inside and outside of cells (0.9% NaCl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two parts of a phospholipid?

A

hydrophilic head on the outside and hydrophobic fatty acids tails on the inside.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is a phospholipid bilayer useful?

A

It allows proteins suspended in the bilayer to easily move through it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 4 kinds of passive transport?

A

diffusion, osmosis, filtration, facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 3 types of active transport?

A

active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does diffusion move?

A

down a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the factors influencing diffusion rates?

A

Distance, gradient size, molecular size, temperature, electrical forces, lipid solubility, membrane channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the main molecules of diffusion?

A

water, O2, CO2, steroids, Cl-, urea

26
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water across the cell membrane

27
Q

What is osmotic pressure equal?

A

the force of a concentration gradient of water equals the force (hydrostatic pressure) needed to block osmosis

28
Q

What does a cell in an isotonic solution do?

A

no size change

29
Q

What does a cell in a hypotonic solution do?

A

cells swell to burst

30
Q

What do cells in a hypertonic solution do?

A

cells shrink

31
Q

What is filtration?

A

the passing of water and permeable solutes through a membrane by the force of hydrostatic pressure

32
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The force, weight, of a fluid pushing against a surface, such as blood pressure

33
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Is passive, includes channel mediated and carrier mediated

34
Q

What is involved in channel mediated diffusion?

A

only water and ions

35
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of substance against a concentration gradient

36
Q

What does active transport require?

A

energy, such as ATP

37
Q

What is an example of active transport?

A

sodium-potassium exchange pump

38
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

When Na+ concentration gradient drives glucose transport and ATP energy pumps Na+ back out

39
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When a cell engulfs solid material

40
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

When a cell engulfs liquid

41
Q

What does endocytosis require?

A

energy, making it active transport

42
Q

What is transmembrane potential?

A

Unequal charge across the cell membrane

43
Q

What is the charge of the inside and outside of the cell membrane?

A

inside the cell membrane is slightly negative, outside is slightly positive

44
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

45
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Layers of cells covering internal or external surface

46
Q

What are glands?

A

structures that produce secretion

47
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration

48
Q

What are the two types of glandular epithelia?

A

endocrine and exocrine

49
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

release hormones into interstitial fluid and blood, do not have ducts

50
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts (with the exception of goblet cells)

51
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

physical protection, control permeability, sensory functions, absorbs nutrients, secretions of hormones and mucus, excretion of sweat and urine

52
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

largest tissue, connect epithelium to the rest of the body (basal lamina), provide structure (bone), store energy (fat), transport materials (blood, have no contact with environment (sterile)

53
Q

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

A

specialized cells, matrix (extracellular components) – collagenous fiber - reticular fibers - elastic fibers, vasculated (direct blood supply)

54
Q

What makes up a body membrane?

A

epithelia and connective tissues

55
Q

What do membranes do?

A

line body cavities, separate organs, and cover surfaces

56
Q

What are the four types of mucous membranes?

A

mucous membranes (mucosae), serous membranes (serosaw), cutaneous membranes (integument, skin), synovial membranes

57
Q

What is muscle tissue specialized for?

A

contraction

58
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues and their qualities?

A

skeletal muscle (striated, voluntary), cardiac muscle (involuntary, striated), smooth muscle (non-striated, involuntary)

59
Q

What is nervous tissue specialized for?

A

the conduction of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another

60
Q

What does nervous tissue include?

A

brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

ASCI2120 Exam 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions