Sensation & Reality

Question 1

Light waves are transmitted across the ______ and enter the eye through the _____.

Answer 1

Cornea, pupil

Question 2

The _____ is the transparent covering over the eye. It serves as a barrier between the inner eye and the outside world, and it is involved in focusing light waves that enter the eye.

Answer 2

Cornea

Question 3

The ______ is the small opening in the eye through which light passes, and the size of the ____ can change as a function of light levels as well as emotional arousal.

Answer 3

Pupil

Question 4

When light levels are _____, the pupil will become dilated, or expanded, to allow more light to enter the eye. When light levels are ____, the pupil will constrict, or become smaller, to reduce the amount of light that enters the eye.

Answer 4

Low,High

Question 5

The pupil’s size is controlled by muscles that are connected to the _____, which is the colored portion of the eye.

Answer 5

Iris

Question 6

After passing through the pupil, light crosses the _____, a curved, transparent structure that serves to provide additional focus.

Answer 6

Lens

Question 7

These photoreceptor cells, known as ______, are light-detecting cells. The _____ are specialized types of photoreceptors that work best in bright light conditions.

Answer 7

cones

Question 8

______are specialized photoreceptors that work well in low light conditions, and while they lack the spatial resolution and color function of the cones, they are involved in our vision in dimly lit environments.

Answer 8

rods

Question 9

If your rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, you will have difficulty seeing in dim light, a condition known as __________.

Answer 9

night blindness

Question 10

The _______ carries visual information from the retina to the ______.

Answer 10

optic nerve, brain

Question 11

An _______ describes the continuation of a visual sensation after the removal of the stimulus.

Answer 11

afterimage

Question 12

According to this ________ theory, color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red. The basic idea is that some cells of the visual system are excited by one of the opponent colors and inhibited by the other.

Answer 12

opponent process

Question 13

Our ability to perceive spatial relationships in three-dimensional (3-D) space is known as _____ perception. With this, we can describe things as being in front, behind, above, below, or to the side of other things.

Answer 13

depth

Question 14

What is the visible part of the ear that protrudes from our heads?

Answer 14

Pinna

Question 15

What is the eardrum otherwise known as?

Answer 15

tympanic membrane

Question 16

The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the _______, which are named the _____ (or hammer), _____ (or anvil), and the _____ (or stirrup).

Answer 16

ossicles,malleus,incus & stapes

Question 17

The inner ear contains the semi-circular canals, which are involved in balance and movement _______, and the ______.

Answer 17

the vestibular sense, cochlea

Question 18

The _____ is a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells (hair cells) of the auditory system.

Answer 18

cochlea

Question 19

Some people are born without hearing, which is known as _______.

Answer 19

congenital deafness

Question 20

Some people suffer from _______ , which is due to a problem delivering sound energy to the cochlea. / Poor transfer of sounds from tympanic membrane to the inner ear

Answer 20

conductive hearing loss

Question 21

______ can be caused by many factors, such as aging, head or acoustic trauma, infections and diseases (such as measles or mumps), medications, environmental effects such as noise exposure, tumors, and toxins.

Answer 21

Sensorineural hearing loss

Question 22

Caused by damage to the hair cells or auditory nerve

Hearing aids are little or no help in these cases

Answer 22

Sensorineural hearing loss

Question 23

With ______, hearing problems are associated with a failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles. These problems are often dealt with through devices like _______ that amplify incoming sound waves to make the vibration of the eardrum and movement of the ossicles more likely to occur.

Answer 23

conductive hearing loss, hearing aids

Question 24

When the hearing problem is associated with a failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain, it is called ________.

Answer 24

sensorineural hearing loss

Question 25

________ are electronic devices that consist of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array. The device receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

Answer 25

Cochlear implants

Question 26

Damage caused by exposing hair cells to excessively loud sounds

Answer 26

Noise-induced hearing loss

Question 27

What is congenital analgesia?

Answer 27

Inability to feel pain

Question 28

________ is information arriving from sense organs

Answer 28

sensation

Question 29

Mental process of organizing sensations into meaningful patterns.

Answer 29

Perception

Question 30

Conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential.

Answer 30

Transduction

Question 31

_______ are the minimum amount of energy that can be detected 50% of the time.

Answer 31

Absolute thresholds

Question 32

Narrow spread of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the human eyes can view/respond

Answer 32

Visible spectrum

Question 33

Area of the retina lacking any visual receptors

Answer 33

Blind spot

Question 34

Area at the center of the retina containing only cones where the cells give the sharpest image.

Answer 34

Fovea