Sensation & Reality Flashcards
Light waves are transmitted across the ______ and enter the eye through the _____.
Cornea, pupil
The _____ is the transparent covering over the eye. It serves as a barrier between the inner eye and the outside world, and it is involved in focusing light waves that enter the eye.
Cornea
The ______ is the small opening in the eye through which light passes, and the size of the ____ can change as a function of light levels as well as emotional arousal.
Pupil
When light levels are _____, the pupil will become dilated, or expanded, to allow more light to enter the eye. When light levels are ____, the pupil will constrict, or become smaller, to reduce the amount of light that enters the eye.
Low,High
The pupil’s size is controlled by muscles that are connected to the _____, which is the colored portion of the eye.
Iris
After passing through the pupil, light crosses the _____, a curved, transparent structure that serves to provide additional focus.
Lens
These photoreceptor cells, known as ______, are light-detecting cells. The _____ are specialized types of photoreceptors that work best in bright light conditions.
cones
______are specialized photoreceptors that work well in low light conditions, and while they lack the spatial resolution and color function of the cones, they are involved in our vision in dimly lit environments.
rods
If your rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, you will have difficulty seeing in dim light, a condition known as __________.
night blindness
The _______ carries visual information from the retina to the ______.
optic nerve, brain
An _______ describes the continuation of a visual sensation after the removal of the stimulus.
afterimage
According to this ________ theory, color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red. The basic idea is that some cells of the visual system are excited by one of the opponent colors and inhibited by the other.
opponent process
Our ability to perceive spatial relationships in three-dimensional (3-D) space is known as _____ perception. With this, we can describe things as being in front, behind, above, below, or to the side of other things.
depth
What is the visible part of the ear that protrudes from our heads?
Pinna
What is the eardrum otherwise known as?
tympanic membrane
The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the _______, which are named the _____ (or hammer), _____ (or anvil), and the _____ (or stirrup).
ossicles,malleus,incus & stapes
The inner ear contains the semi-circular canals, which are involved in balance and movement _______, and the ______.
the vestibular sense, cochlea
The _____ is a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells (hair cells) of the auditory system.
cochlea
Some people are born without hearing, which is known as _______.
congenital deafness
Some people suffer from _______ , which is due to a problem delivering sound energy to the cochlea. / Poor transfer of sounds from tympanic membrane to the inner ear
conductive hearing loss
______ can be caused by many factors, such as aging, head or acoustic trauma, infections and diseases (such as measles or mumps), medications, environmental effects such as noise exposure, tumors, and toxins.
Sensorineural hearing loss
Caused by damage to the hair cells or auditory nerve
Hearing aids are little or no help in these cases
Sensorineural hearing loss
With ______, hearing problems are associated with a failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles. These problems are often dealt with through devices like _______ that amplify incoming sound waves to make the vibration of the eardrum and movement of the ossicles more likely to occur.
conductive hearing loss, hearing aids
When the hearing problem is associated with a failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain, it is called ________.
sensorineural hearing loss
