Brain & Behavior

Question 1

The central nervous system consists of:

Answer 1

Brain & spinal cord

Question 2

Glial cells:

• Play a ___________ role to neurons (physically and metabolically)
• Help neurons _________ with each other
• Provide ________ to neurons
• Transport: _______ and ______ products
• Mediate _______ responses

Answer 2

supportive
closely line up
insulation
nutrients & waste
immune

Question 3

• Interconnected information processors
• Essential for all the tasks of the nervous system.
• Central building blocks of the nervous system

What are they?

Answer 3

Neurons

Question 4

The nucleus of the neuron is located here

Answer 4

Soma/Cell body

Question 5

Input sites where signals are received from other neurons

Answer 5

Dendrites

Question 6

Signals are transmitted electrically across the soma and down a major extension called the _____.

Answer 6

axon

Question 7

Body of the neuron. Receives and sends messages down the axon

Answer 7

Soma/cell body

Question 8

Receive messages from other neurons (input sites)

Answer 8

Dendrites

Question 9

Fiber that carries information away from the cell body of a neuron

Answer 9

Axon

Question 10

Microscopic space between two neurons over which messages pass

Answer 10

Synapse

Question 11

Its main job is to take care of the neurons

Answer 11

Glial cells (Glia)

Question 12

The information processing & transmitting element of the nervous system.

Answer 12

Neurons

Question 13

Glia cells form a fatty substance called: _______

These fatty substances coat the axons & act as an ________.

Answer 13

Myelin Sheath

insulator

Question 14

The neuron exists in a fluid environment.(surrounded by ______fluid and contains _______fluid)

What keeps these 2 fluids separate?

Answer 14

extracellular , intracellular

Neuronal membrane

Question 15

The electrical signal that passes through the neuron depends on the two fluids being electrically _______.

Answer 15

Different

Question 16

The difference in charge across the membrane:

Answer 16

membrane potential (provides energy for signal)

Question 17

Between signals: neuron membrane’s potential is in a state of ________ (______ potential)

Answer 17

readiness, resting

Question 18

______ potential – all-or-none phenomenon (incoming signal is either sufficient/not to reach the threshold of excitation)

Answer 18

Action

Question 19

Neuronscommunicate with each other via electrical events called ‘_______’ and ________neurotransmitters.

Answer 19

action potentials
chemical

Question 20

At the junction between two neurons (______), an action potential causes neuron A to release a ___________.

The_________can either help (excite) or hinder (inhibit) neuron B from firing its own action potential.

Answer 20

synapse
chemical neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter

Question 21

Chemicals that alter activity in neurons; brain chemicals.

Answer 21

neurotransmitters

Question 22

Drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance.

Answer 22

Psychotropic medications

Question 23

All parts of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord.

Connects the CNS to the rest of the body.

Answer 23

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 24

What are the 2 Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?

Answer 24

Somatic &
Autonomic system

Question 25

The ______carries messages to and from skeletal muscles and sense organs; controls voluntary behavior. e.x. jumping , running (anything you do voluntarily).

Answer 25

Somatic system

Question 26

The ______ serves internal organs and glands; controls automatic functions such as heart rate and digestion.

Answer 26

Autonomic system

Question 27

2 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 27

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

Question 28

The extension of the brain

Answer 28

Spinal cord

Question 29

Nerve cell that carries messages from the senses toward the CNS, ie. touch, taste, vision, smell, auditory

Answer 29

Sensory neuron

Question 30

Cell that carries commands from the CNS to muscles and glands

Answer 30

Motor neuron

Question 31

_________: Simplest behavior; occurs when a stimulus provokes an automatic response. ie. hand moving away from heat source

Answer 31

Reflex arc

Question 32

Neuroplasticity

Answer 32

The brain can be changed, both structurally and chemically, by experience or damage.

Question 33

Two large hemispheres that covers the upper part of the brain

Answer 33

Cerebrum

Question 34

Each cerebral hemisphere divided into __lobes

Answer 34

4

Question 35

Bundle of fibers connecting cerebral hemispheres

Answer 35

Corpus callosum

Question 36

_________ lobe Controls movement, sense of smell, and higher mental functions. Contains _______cortex; controls motor movement. _______cortex: involved in sense of self, reasoning, and planning

Answer 36

Frontal primary motor pre-frontal

Question 37

Language disturbance resulting from brain damage

Answer 37

Broca’s Aphasia

Question 38

________ lobe. Contains Primary________ cortex: Receiving area for bodily sensations. Controls bodily sensations such as touch, pain, and temperature Different areas of the cortex processes sensations from different part of our body.

Answer 38

Parietal somatosensory

Question 39

_______ lobe. Understanding language, memory acquisition, face recognition, object recognition, perception, and processing auditory information. Primary auditory area: Auditory information is first registered here

Answer 39

Temporal

Question 40

Wernicke’s Area

Answer 40

Related to language comprehension; in the left temporal lobe. If damaged, a person will have problems with the meanings of words, NOT pronunciation

Question 41

_______ lobe. vision center Responsible for interpreting incoming visual interpretation. Primary visual area

Answer 41

Occipital

Question 42

Visual Agnosia

Answer 42

Inability to recognize visually presented objects e.x. seeing kettle as a book

Question 43

Facial Agnosia

Answer 43

Inability to recognize familiar faces

Question 44

Relays sensory information on the way to the cortex; acts as a switchboard

Answer 44

Thalamus

Question 45

Regulates emotional behaviors and motives (e.g., sex, hunger, rage, hormone release)

Answer 45

Hypothalamus

Question 46

Associated with fear responses

Answer 46

Amygdala

Question 47

Associated with storing permanent memories; helps us navigate through space

Answer 47

Hippocampus

Question 48

In the hindbrain (brain stem): ____: Controls vital life functions such as heart rate, swallowing, and breathing

Answer 48

Medulla

Question 49

In the hindbrain (brain stem): ______: Regulates posture, muscle tone, and muscular coordination

Answer 49

Cerebellum

Question 50

Computer-enhanced X-ray of the brain or body

Answer 50

Computerized Tomographic Scanning (CT):

Question 51

Uses a strong magnetic field, not an X-ray, to produce an image of the body’s interior

Answer 51

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Question 52

Computer-generated color image of brain activity, based on glucose consumption in the brain

Answer 52

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 53

MRI that makes brain activity visible can produce images of brain activity as fast as every second scientists can determine with greater precision when brain regions become active and how long they remain active.

Answer 53

Functional MRI fMRI

Question 54

A device that detects, amplifies, and records electrical activity in the brain. Often used to record cognitive processes.

Answer 54

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Question 55

______ gland: Regulates growth via growth hormone Its hormones influence other endocrine glands

Answer 55

Pituitary

Question 56

Hypopituitary dwarfism

Answer 56

As adults, perfectly proportioned but tiny

Question 57

Enlargement of arms, hands, feet, and facial bones; due to too much growth hormone secreted late in growth period

Answer 57

Acromegaly