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Brain & behaviour > Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sensation?

A

The process by which the dense organs gather information about the environment

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

The process by which sensory information is selected, organised and interpreted

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3
Q

What is transduction?

A

Turning environmental energy into neural impulses

Sense receptors can ‘transduce’ stimuli into signals

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4
Q

What is sensory adaption?

A

Activation is greatest when we first detect a stimulus, after this, the response declines in strength

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5
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

Is the lowest level of a stimulus (on its own) that we can detect 50% of the time

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6
Q

What is JND (just noticeable difference)?

A

Smallest change in intensity that we can detect

Our ability to distinguish a stronger stimulus from a weaker stimulus

Depends on the level of intensity of the new stimulus and the level of stimulation already

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7
Q

What is the Weber-frechner law?

A

Regardless of the magnitude of two stimuli, the second one must differ from the first by a constant proportion for it to be perceived as different

The stronger the stimulus is the bigger the change needed for a change in stimulus intensity to be noticeable

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8
Q

Signal detection theory?

A

Sensation occurs when we judge whether a stimulus is present or not

There are two processes that contribute to signal detection

Initial sensory process which is sensitivity to the stimulus

Decision process the individuals readiness to report detecting a stimulus when uncertain

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9
Q

What is selective attention

A

Allows us to select some input for further processing and ignore others

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10
Q

What is Broadbents bottleneck theory of attention

A

Allows us to pay attention to certain stimuli and ignore others it’s an early filtering mechanism

Messages or stimuli go into a selective filter before going into a limited capacity decision channel
This is where it is decided if the stimuli will go into a long-term memory store

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11
Q

What is the cocktail party phenomenon

A

Suggest that some information gets through the filter even when we are selectively attending to a conversation we are subconsciously monitoring other conversations around us can suddenly switch of attention if it is relevant

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12
Q

What are the errors of attention

A

Inattentional blindness which is the failure to see something in plain sight

Change blindness which is the inability to detect changes in scenes when looking directly at them

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13
Q

Can we really multitask

A

No we shift our attentional resources between the tasks. The more efficiently we do this the better we can multitask

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14
Q

What is top-down processing

A

Prior knowledge and experience organises our perceptions by selecting specific features that meet our expectations to form a perception

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15
Q

What is bottom up processing

A

We detect features of sensory features analyse specific features and combine component parts into a whole to form a perception

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16
Q

What are perceptual sets

A

We group things together that go together within a context

17
Q

What is perceptual constancy

A

A tendency to perceive objects as perceptually stable despite any variation in stimulation of sensory receptors

Shape we recognise as an object as having the same shape when viewed at a different angle

Size objects do not differ in size when viewed from different distances

18
Q

What are Gestalt principles

A

The rules describing how elements are organised into groups or unified wholes

Analysing an image in the context of its surroundings and our expectations

19
Q

What are the Gestalt principles

A 
Simplicity 
Proximity 
Similarity 
Continuation 
Closure 
Symmetry
Figure ground
20
Q

What is proximity

A

Objects that are close together tend to be recognised as a whole

21
Q

What is similarity

A

We see similar objects as being a whole

22
Q

What is continuation

A

We still perceive them as whole even when other objects block a part of them

23
Q

What is symmetry

A

We perceive objects that are symmetrically arranged as whole

24
Q

What is figure ground

A

Instant decision to focus attention on what we believe to be central and ignore the rest

25
Q

What is motion perception

A

There are two types

The eye is stationary as the object moves on the Retina

That eye moves to maintain object as same place on the retina

26
Q

What is depth perception

A

The organisation of perception into 3-D

There are two kinds of visual cues that enable us to judge depth and distance these are monocular cues and bonocular cues

27
Q

What are binocular cues

A

It is the visual input from two eyes

28
Q

What is retinal disparity?

A

Degree of overlap between the retinas in each eye

29
Q

What is convergence?

A

Eyes converge at small distances but our brain is aware of how much and uses this to calculate distance

30
Q

What are Monocular cues

A

It’s when only one eye provide visual input

31
Q

What are we able to gather from monocular cues

A 
Relative size 
texture gradient
Height in plain 
motion parallax 
linear perspective
Interposition
shading
32
Q

What is synaesthesia

A

Different perceptual experiences can be produced by cross modal processing or overlap in brain areas

these include hearing colour and tasting shapes

33
Q

What is subliminal perception?

A

Processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness

Can have a brief short-term impact on behaviours and attitudes. our subconscious is aware

34
Q

Subliminal persuasion effects?

A

Fairly unlikely to produce large scale or enduring attitudes

Happens below the level of conscious awareness

35
Q

Extrasensory perception (ESP)?

A

The perception of events outside of the known channels of sensation

36
Q

What is precognition

A

Predicting events from the future

37
Q

What is telepathy

A

Aware of others thoughts

38
Q

What is clairvoyance

A

Can predict the future

Brain & behaviour (15 decks)

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