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SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY > SENSATION & PERCEPTION > Flashcards

SENSATION & PERCEPTION Flashcards

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1
Q

process of detecting, converting, & transmitting raw sensory information from the external & internal
environments to the brain

A

Sensation

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2
Q

process of selecting, organizing, & interpreting sensory information into meaningful patterns

A

Perception

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3
Q

eyes, ears, other sense organs contain receptor cells that detect & process sensory information

A

Sensory detection/accessory structure

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4
Q

converts receptor’s energy into neural or electrochemical impulses that are sent on to brain

A

Transduction

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5
Q

converting sensory inputs into different sensations

A

Coding

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6
Q

filtering and analyzing incoming sensations before sending neural message on to cortex

A

Sensory Reduction

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7
Q

studies the link
between physical characteristics of stimuli and our sensory experience

A

Psychophysics

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8
Q

smallest amount of a stimulus we can reliably detect

A

Absolute Threshold

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9
Q

minimal difference needed to detect a stimulus change; also called the “ just noticeable difference”(JND)

A

Difference Threshold

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10
Q

process of becoming more sensitive to
stimulation

A

sensitization, or positive adaptation

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11
Q

process of becoming less sensitive to stimulation

A

desensitization, or negative adaptation-

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12
Q

distance between the crests (or peaks), which determines its HUE (color such as pink and green)

A

Wavelength

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13
Q

amount of energy in light waves (waves amplitude and height) which influence brightness

A

Intensity

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14
Q

purity or richness of
color(deep red apple is highly saturated)

A

Saturation

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15
Q

transparent protective structure

A

Cornea

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16
Q

round opening wherein size varies with lightning
conditions.

A

Pupil

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17
Q

colored part of the eye, ircular muscle that contracts or expands to let the amount of light.

A

Iris

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18
Q

clear structure with adjustable shape to focus on
objects at varying distance

A

Lens

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19
Q

at the back of the eyeball, a postage stamp sized
structure with 2 types of light

A

Retina

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20
Q

sharpness of vision, can discriminate usual details through Senellen chart.

A

Visual Acuity

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21
Q

difficulty focusing distant objects.

A

Myopia/nearsightedness

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22
Q

difficulty focusing nearby objects.

A

Hyperopia/farsightedness

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23
Q

abnormal curvature of the lens,
some parts of visual fields are out of focus or
fuzzy

A

Astigmatism

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24
Q

farsightedness due to aging.

A

Presbyopia

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25
Q

both eye can not
focus on the same point at the same time.

A

Strabismus or cross-eyed

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26
Q

sensitive to light or
monochromats, prefer dark only.

A

Color Blindness

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27
Q

discriminate
only 2 colors (red and green or blue and
yellow), mostly males

A

Partial color blindness

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28
Q

a combination of two theories

A

Color vision

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29
Q

color perception results from
three types of cones in the retina, each most
sensitive to either red, green, or blue

A

Trichromatic Theory by Thomas Young
and Helmhots

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30
Q

color perception results from three systems of color opposites and the cones are arranged in pairs(blue-yellow, red-green, & black-white)

A

Opponent-Process Theory by Edward Hering

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31
Q

results from movement of air molecules in a particular wave pattern.

A

Sound

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32
Q

determined by its frequency(highness or lowness).

A

Pitch

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33
Q

determines by the height or amplitude,
(intensity of the sound)

A

loudness

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34
Q

musical sound (also called tones) of different frequency is played together.

A

Tones

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35
Q

combination of pleasant tones

A

consonant

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36
Q

unpleasant combination of tones

A

dissonant

37
Q

pinna, auditory canal, & eardrum

A

Outer Ear (gold color)

38
Q

hammer, anvil, & stirrup

A

Middle Ear (bluecolor)

39
Q

cochlea, semicircular canals, & vestibular sacs

A

Inner Ear (pinkish color)

40
Q

contains key receptors for hearing

A

Cochlea

41
Q

pitch perception is linked to the
particular spot on the cochlea’s basilar
membrane that is most stimulated

A

Place Theory

42
Q

pitch perception occurs
when nerve impulses sent to the brain match the
frequency of the sound wave

A

Frequency Theory

43
Q

damage to the structures of the middle ear – either to the eardrum or to the three bones that conduct and amplify sound waves from the outer to the inner ear (uses hearing aid)

A

Conduction Deafness

44
Q

damage to the structures of the inner, loss of hair cells, which will not regenerate.(sensitive to sound of some pitch)

A

Sensory-neural Deafness

45
Q

stems from exposure to very loud sounds

A

Stimulation Deafness

46
Q

sense of smell

A

Olfaction

47
Q

taste buds, located in
papillae on the surface of thr tongue.

A

Receptors for
taste (or gustation)

48
Q

smell receptor has been
damaged or degenerated.

A

anosmia or “smell blindness”

49
Q

temporary loss of taste due to hot food and to much scrapping of tongue.

A

Ageusia

50
Q

Size constancy, Shape constancy and brightness
constancy

A

Perceptual Constancies

51
Q
  • Figure ground
  • Grouping (proximity, similarity, continuity,
    closure, texture, simplicity and symmetry
A

Perceptual Organization

52
Q

involve three skin
sensations– touch (or pressure),
temperature, & pain.

A

Skin senses

53
Q

provides our brains with information about
posture, orientation, & movement.

A

Kinesthesia

54
Q

________ are located in muscles, joints, & tendons

A

Kinesthetic receptors

55
Q

involves the vestibular sacs & semicircular canals located within the inner ear

A

Vestibular sense (or sense of balance)

56
Q

involves recognising that an objects
actual size remains the same, even though the image it casts on each retina changes.

A

Size constancy

57
Q

perceive an object as maintaining its shape
despite any change in shape of the image of the
object on the retina

A

Shape Constancy

58
Q

Is the tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its level of brightness in relation to its surroundings.

A

Brightness Constancy

59
Q

The closer the objects are to one another, the
more likely they are perceived as belonging
together or as a whole

A

PROXIMITY

60
Q

Items that are similar tend to be grouped together

A

SIMILARITY

61
Q

Sensations that create a continuous form are
perceived to be belonging together

A

CONTINUITY

62
Q

we organize the stimuli to form a
balanced or symmetrical figure. Stimuli
tend to be grouped such that each group
consists of a symmetric figure.

A

SYMMETRY

63
Q

we tend to group basic
features who have the same texture
together

A

TEXTURE

64
Q

perceiving in the
simplest form

A

SIMPLICITY

65
Q

Incomplete patterns which
suggest completeness is perceived as belonging together

A

CLOSURE

66
Q

Moving objects whether they are
people, animals, cars, or tress of Earth plummeting down a hillside

A

Real movement or motion

67
Q

tendency to perceive a stationary
point of light as moving in a dark room

A

auto kinetic effect

68
Q

presentation of a rapid
progression of images of stationary objects;

A

stroboscopic motion

69
Q

on-off process of switching the row of light as seen in an electronic scoreboard in a baseball or basketball stadium

A

phi phenomenon

70
Q

ability to perceive three dimensional
space & accurately judge distance

A

Depth Perception

71
Q

Depth perception involves both (a) ________ & (b) ______

A

binocular (two eyes) & monicular (one eye)

72
Q

The larger the image of an object on the retina, the larger it perceived to be, likewise, of an object is larger than other objects, it is often perceived as closer.

A

Size

73
Q

If one object overlaps another, it is seen as being closer than the one it covers.

A

Overlap (Interposition)

74
Q

The farther away objects are, the
less distinctly they are seen – smog, dust, haze, get in the way.

A

Atmospheric Perspective

75
Q

Parallel lines appear to converge in the
distance; the greater this effect, the farther away an object appears to be

A

Linear Perspective

76
Q

The texture of a surface appears smoother
as distance increases.

A

Texture Gradient

77
Q

Below horizon, objects lower down in our field of vision are perceived as closer; above the horizon, objects higher up are seen as closer.

A

Height Cues (Aerial Perspective)

78
Q

When we travel in a vehicle, objects far
away appear to move in the same direction as the observer, whereas close objects move in the opposite direction

A

Motion Parallax

79
Q

In order to see close objects, our eyes
turn inward, toward one another; the greater this
movement, the closer such objects appear to be

A

Convergence

80
Q

Our two eyes observe objects from slightly different positions in space; the difference between those two images is interpreted by our brain to provide another cue to
depth

A

Retinal Disparity (Binocular Parallax)

81
Q

Perception can provide false
interpretations of sensory information

A

Perceptual Illusion

82
Q

_______ in which the bottom
line looks longer than the top line.

A

Muller-lyer Illusion

83
Q

_______ wherein the top horizontal
line looks longer; again, both lines are equal

A

Ponzo Illusion

84
Q

_______ in which the vertical line looks longer, but they’re just the same

A

Horizontal-vertical Illusion

85
Q

_________ in this illusion, a line disappears at
an angle behind a solid square, reappearing at the other side at what seems to be the incorrect position

A

Poggendorf Illusion

86
Q

In perceiving distance and direction of sound, we are using our _________

A

binaural cues

87
Q

__________ sound waves are detected by one ear earlier than the other, thus, it tells on which direction it comes from, either in the left or right.

A

Time Difference

88
Q

________ this tells the pressure of a sound wave at any part, place, or movement. Sound waves reach two ears at different points

A

Phase Difference

89
Q

_________ in which the sound stimulates the ear closer to the sound more strongly, hence, sound coming from the right direction will be perceived by the right ear strongly

A

Intensity Difference

SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY (5 decks)

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