SENSATION & PERCEPTION Flashcards by Naz Eure Magpatoc

process of detecting, converting, & transmitting raw sensory information from the external & internal
environments to the brain

Sensation

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process of selecting, organizing, & interpreting sensory information into meaningful patterns

Perception

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eyes, ears, other sense organs contain receptor cells that detect & process sensory information

Sensory detection/accessory structure

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converts receptor’s energy into neural or electrochemical impulses that are sent on to brain

Transduction

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converting sensory inputs into different sensations

Coding

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filtering and analyzing incoming sensations before sending neural message on to cortex

Sensory Reduction

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studies the link
between physical characteristics of stimuli and our sensory experience

Psychophysics

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smallest amount of a stimulus we can reliably detect

Absolute Threshold

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minimal difference needed to detect a stimulus change; also called the “ just noticeable difference”(JND)

Difference Threshold

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process of becoming more sensitive to
stimulation

sensitization, or positive adaptation

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process of becoming less sensitive to stimulation

desensitization, or negative adaptation-

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distance between the crests (or peaks), which determines its HUE (color such as pink and green)

Wavelength

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amount of energy in light waves (waves amplitude and height) which influence brightness

Intensity

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purity or richness of
color(deep red apple is highly saturated)

Saturation

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transparent protective structure

Cornea

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round opening wherein size varies with lightning
conditions.

Pupil

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colored part of the eye, ircular muscle that contracts or expands to let the amount of light.

Iris

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clear structure with adjustable shape to focus on
objects at varying distance

Lens

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at the back of the eyeball, a postage stamp sized
structure with 2 types of light

Retina

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sharpness of vision, can discriminate usual details through Senellen chart.

Visual Acuity

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difficulty focusing distant objects.

Myopia/nearsightedness

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difficulty focusing nearby objects.

Hyperopia/farsightedness

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abnormal curvature of the lens,
some parts of visual fields are out of focus or
fuzzy

Astigmatism

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farsightedness due to aging.

Presbyopia

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both eye can not focus on the same point at the same time.

Strabismus or cross-eyed

sensitive to light or monochromats, prefer dark only.

Color Blindness

discriminate only 2 colors (red and green or blue and yellow), mostly males

Partial color blindness

a combination of two theories

Color vision

color perception results from three types of cones in the retina, each most sensitive to either red, green, or blue

Trichromatic Theory by Thomas Young and Helmhots

color perception results from three systems of color opposites and the cones are arranged in pairs(blue-yellow, red-green, & black-white)

Opponent-Process Theory by Edward Hering

results from movement of air molecules in a particular wave pattern.

Sound

determined by its frequency(highness or lowness).

Pitch

determines by the height or amplitude, (intensity of the sound)

loudness

musical sound (also called tones) of different frequency is played together.

Tones

combination of pleasant tones

consonant

unpleasant combination of tones

dissonant

pinna, auditory canal, & eardrum

Outer Ear (gold color)

hammer, anvil, & stirrup

Middle Ear (bluecolor)

cochlea, semicircular canals, & vestibular sacs

Inner Ear (pinkish color)

contains key receptors for hearing

Cochlea

pitch perception is linked to the particular spot on the cochlea’s basilar membrane that is most stimulated

Place Theory

pitch perception occurs when nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the sound wave

Frequency Theory

damage to the structures of the middle ear – either to the eardrum or to the three bones that conduct and amplify sound waves from the outer to the inner ear (uses hearing aid)

Conduction Deafness

damage to the structures of the inner, loss of hair cells, which will not regenerate.(sensitive to sound of some pitch)

Sensory-neural Deafness

stems from exposure to very loud sounds

Stimulation Deafness

sense of smell

Olfaction

taste buds, located in papillae on the surface of thr tongue.

Receptors for taste (or gustation)

smell receptor has been damaged or degenerated.

anosmia or “smell blindness”

temporary loss of taste due to hot food and to much scrapping of tongue.

Ageusia

Size constancy, Shape constancy and brightness constancy

Perceptual Constancies

- Figure ground - Grouping (proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, texture, simplicity and symmetry

Perceptual Organization

involve three skin sensations-- touch (or pressure), temperature, & pain.

Skin senses

provides our brains with information about posture, orientation, & movement.

Kinesthesia

________ are located in muscles, joints, & tendons

Kinesthetic receptors

involves the vestibular sacs & semicircular canals located within the inner ear

Vestibular sense (or sense of balance)

involves recognising that an objects actual size remains the same, even though the image it casts on each retina changes.

Size constancy

perceive an object as maintaining its shape despite any change in shape of the image of the object on the retina

Shape Constancy

Is the tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its level of brightness in relation to its surroundings.

Brightness Constancy

The closer the objects are to one another, the more likely they are perceived as belonging together or as a whole

PROXIMITY

Items that are similar tend to be grouped together

SIMILARITY

Sensations that create a continuous form are perceived to be belonging together

CONTINUITY

we organize the stimuli to form a balanced or symmetrical figure. Stimuli tend to be grouped such that each group consists of a symmetric figure.

SYMMETRY

we tend to group basic features who have the same texture together

TEXTURE

perceiving in the simplest form

SIMPLICITY

Incomplete patterns which suggest completeness is perceived as belonging together

CLOSURE

Moving objects whether they are people, animals, cars, or tress of Earth plummeting down a hillside

Real movement or motion

tendency to perceive a stationary point of light as moving in a dark room

auto kinetic effect

presentation of a rapid progression of images of stationary objects;

stroboscopic motion

on-off process of switching the row of light as seen in an electronic scoreboard in a baseball or basketball stadium

phi phenomenon

ability to perceive three dimensional space & accurately judge distance

Depth Perception

Depth perception involves both (a) ________ & (b) ______

binocular (two eyes) & monicular (one eye)

The larger the image of an object on the retina, the larger it perceived to be, likewise, of an object is larger than other objects, it is often perceived as closer.

Size

If one object overlaps another, it is seen as being closer than the one it covers.

Overlap (Interposition)

The farther away objects are, the less distinctly they are seen – smog, dust, haze, get in the way.

Atmospheric Perspective

Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance; the greater this effect, the farther away an object appears to be

Linear Perspective

The texture of a surface appears smoother as distance increases.

Texture Gradient

Below horizon, objects lower down in our field of vision are perceived as closer; above the horizon, objects higher up are seen as closer.

Height Cues (Aerial Perspective)

When we travel in a vehicle, objects far away appear to move in the same direction as the observer, whereas close objects move in the opposite direction

Motion Parallax

In order to see close objects, our eyes turn inward, toward one another; the greater this movement, the closer such objects appear to be

Convergence

Our two eyes observe objects from slightly different positions in space; the difference between those two images is interpreted by our brain to provide another cue to depth

Retinal Disparity (Binocular Parallax)

Perception can provide false interpretations of sensory information

Perceptual Illusion

_______ in which the bottom line looks longer than the top line.

Muller-lyer Illusion

_______ wherein the top horizontal line looks longer; again, both lines are equal

Ponzo Illusion

_______ in which the vertical line looks longer, but they’re just the same

Horizontal-vertical Illusion

_________ in this illusion, a line disappears at an angle behind a solid square, reappearing at the other side at what seems to be the incorrect position

Poggendorf Illusion

In perceiving distance and direction of sound, we are using our _________

binaural cues

__________ sound waves are detected by one ear earlier than the other, thus, it tells on which direction it comes from, either in the left or right.

Time Difference

________ this tells the pressure of a sound wave at any part, place, or movement. Sound waves reach two ears at different points

Phase Difference

_________ in which the sound stimulates the ear closer to the sound more strongly, hence, sound coming from the right direction will be perceived by the right ear strongly

Intensity Difference