HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Flashcards by Naz Eure Magpatoc

3 MAJOR PATHS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Physical Development, Physical Development, Cognitive Development

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changes in bodily appearance and structure, and in bodily activities like motor skills

Physical Development

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changes in social and emotional aspects of personality

Psychosocial Development

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changes in the thought processes that could affect language, learning activities, and memory

Cognitive Development

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a process whereby traits of parents are handed down to their offspring via the genes.

HEREDITY

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the forces that affect man, like physical forces, natural forces, and social forces.

ENVIRONMENT

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(a) thread-like or rope-like bodies that contain the genes, either classified as (b)

(a) Chromosomes (b) autosomes or trait chromosomes

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bearers of hereditary traits.

Genes

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are strong genes; the trait that dominant genes carry will be manifested in the offspring

Dominant genes

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are weak genes; the traits can only be manifested if it is paired with another recessive gene of its kind.

Recessive genes

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“Like begets like”, where human individuals will reproduce their own kind.

Principle of Reproduction

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“No” 2 individuals of any kind are exactly “alike” even identical twins have mild differences.

Variation

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similarities and differences among family members.

Dominance and Recessive

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the hereditary endowments and the number of births and the millions of sperm which fertilize the ripened egg is played and attributed by chance alone.

Chance

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sex-linked traits are carried by the same genes that determine sex which are carried by women but, usually suffered by most men (ex. Baldness, color blindness, hemophilia).

Sex-Linked Characteristics

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the appearance in general like facial features, complexion, height, and body built.

Physical traits

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are characteristics like harelip, cleft-plate, and stub-finger.

physical defects

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are predisposition to tuberculosis, asthma, and hypertension.

physical diseases

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examples are I.Q. level, some cases of mental retardation, and predisposition to mental disorder.

Mental traits

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like artistic, literary, athletic, musical, and numerical talents.

Special talents/abilities

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arise when one egg cell/ovum further divides into two after being fertilized by one sperm, have same sex and looks

Identical or monozygotic twins

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arise from two eggs/ova which are fertilized by two different sperm cells, the same or different sexes

Fraternal or dizygotic twins

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different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development:

Oral, Anal, Phallic,Latency, Genital

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Children develop ______ ,mental models, to interpret information

schemata

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is when they take in information that fits with what they already know

Assimilation

describes when they change their schemata based on new information

Accommodation

From fertilization to 2 weeks rapid cell division

Zygotic/Germinal Stage

2nd week to 8th weeks or 2 months Umbilical cord connect the embryo to the placenta

Embryonic Stage

8th weeks to birth Appearance of the first bone cells

Fetal Stage

substances that are damaging and causing birth defects.

Teratogens

fetus’ head emerges first through the birth canal followed by one shoulder then the other, next by the arms one at a time and finally the legs.

Natural or Spontaneous Birth

employed with the aid of surgical instruments if the fetus is too large or if its position does not allow normal birth process.

Instrument Birth

fetal buttocks appear first, followed by the legs, arms and eventually the head.

Breech Birth

the fetus lies crosswise in the mother’s uterus.

Transverse Presentation Birth

the fetus is delivered surgically by means of a slit created in the maternal abdominal wall.

Cessarian-Section Birth

(a) from birth to two weeks and is subdivided into: (b)

(a) Infancy (b) Period of the Partunate

first 15 to 20 minutes after birth, upon cutting umbilical cord; the infant separate and independent being.

Period of the Partunate

the rest of the infancy period. almost two weeks after birth.

Period of Neonate

(a) extends from 2nd week of infancy up to the 2nd year of life, known as the (b)

(a) Babyhood Period (b) Age of helplessness

ability to move the head first, then the arms and finally the legs and begin to walk

Cephalocaudal principle

the ability of an infant to move its arms and legs before being able to produce fine motor movement with its fingers.

Proximodistal principle

-The number of synaptic connections increase -Influenced by diet and environment

Brain growth

begins at birth to indicate distress and it serves as a rudimentary means of communication.

Crying

simple sounds like yawning, sneezing, coughing, sighing and other sounds which are known as cooing

Cooing or Babbling

appeared at 3rd to 16th month of age.

Gestures and Non-verbal Communication

done through facial and bodily changes, if they are happy, muscles are relax and if angry, muscles are tensed.

Emotional Expressions

get hungry and sleepy at predictable times, react cheerfully and seldom fuss.

Easy babies

irregular and irritable (develop attention and aggression problems in childhood)

Difficult babies

fuss at the beginning but eventually come to enjoy their activities. (tend to become shy preschoolers and somewhat anxious teens)

Slow-to-warm up babies

a strong, intimate emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances between an infant and a caregiver

Attachment

is critical, it is the pleasure of being touched and held

Contact comfort

Set strict rules and expectations

Authoritarian parents

Rules and expectations used as “life guidelines”

Authoritative parents

Few rules with no “real” punishment

Permissive parents

- Nearly neglect children - Abusive?

Indifferent parents

2-6 years, “Age of Curiosity”, aggression and negativisim.

Early Childhood stage

6 years up to onset of puberty between 11 to 12 years, “Smart Age” and “Gang Stage”, desire for acceptance and belongingness.

Late Childhood stage

(a) end of childhood and early part of adolescence. rapid changes in height and skeletal structures , and also changes in weight and sexual maturation. Called an: (b)

(a) PUBERTY STAGES (b) Age of Confusion

primary sexual characteristics occur, reproductive apparatus

Pre-pubescence

completion of pubic hair growth, completion in the primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

Post-pubescence

period of storm and stress

ADOLESCENCE STAGE

13 to 17 years, unpredictable, unstable, unsociable at times.

Teenager or the young adolescent

Peak muscle strength, reaction time, sensory abilities, and cardiac functioning

Early Adulthood Stage

- Spouses are dependent to each other - From family centered to partner centered relationship

Middle Adulthood Stage

for women, loss of reproductive capacity

Menopause

for men, decline active functioning of sex organ.

Climacteric (Andropause)

physical and psychological deterioration

Stage of senescence

sensory acuity declines, hearing, visual, - health problems are common

Late Adulthood Stage or Old Age

it is more desirable for people to withdraw from society as they age

Disengagement Theory

assumes that people who remain active physically, mentally, and socially will adjust better to aging

Activity Theory

0-1 Age

Trust vs mistrust

1-3 Age

Autonomy vs shame/doubt

3-6 Age

Initiative vs guilt

7-11 Age

Industry vs inferiority

12-18 Age

Identity vs confusion

19-29 Age

Intimacy vs isolation

30-64 Age

Generativity vs stagnation

65 - Age

Integrity vs despair

Blindly obey authority so as to avoid any punishment

Stage 1: Morality of punishment and of obedience

Making a fair exchange, a good deal

Stage 2: Morality of naïve instrumental hedonism

Pleasing others and getting their approval. Want to be regarded as good and well-behaved

Stage 3: Morality of maintaining good relations

Doing your duty, following rules and social order

Stage 4: Morality of maintaining social order

Respecting rules and laws but recognizing that they may have limits

Stage 5: Morality of social contracts

Following universal ethical principles such as justice, reciprocity, equality and respect for human life and rights Stages of Human Developm

Stage 6: Morality of universal ethical principles

If cheek of corner of mouth is touched, the infant turns head, opens mouth and begins sucking (birth – 4 months)

Rooting

If object makes contact with infant’s mouth, the infant will begin sucking, allows the newborn adjust to its new manner of taking food.

Sucking

When dropped or hears loud noise, infant throws arms outward and arches back, arms and legs are flung to the sides then brought them back in a hugging position. (birth – 2 months)

Moro (startle)

When the bottom of the foot is touched, the infant’s toes fan out and the foot twists in (birth – 1yr)

Babinski

If the palm of the hand is touched, the infant makes a “grasping motion” (birth – 5 or 6 months)

Darwinian

the baby closes his eyes when there is a bright ray that hit his eyes.

Pupillary

babies usually make well-coordinated movements when they are put in water with face down

Swimming