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Biological and General Psychology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

the process of interpreting the world around us

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2
Q

transduction

A

the conversion of different types of energy into info that our brains can make sense of (for bodily sensation to occur)

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3
Q

perception

A

involves the aggregation and interpretation of sensory input from raw neural signals into meaningful information

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4
Q

5 primary senses

A

-sight (vision)
-smell (olfaction)
-taste (gustation)
-hearing (audition)
-skin sensation (somatosensation)

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5
Q

other senses (not primary)

A

-balance (vestibulation)
-time (chronoception)
-temperature (thermoception)
-kinesthesis (proprioception)
-pain (nociception)

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6
Q

vestibulation

A

balance

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7
Q

chronoception

A

time

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8
Q

thermoception

A

temperature

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9
Q

proprioception

A

kinesthesis
(detects bodily position)

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10
Q

nociception

A

pain

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11
Q

fissure

A

large sulcus

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12
Q

proximal stimulus

A

the stimulus as it appears to the sensory receptors

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13
Q

distal stimulus

A

the actual 3D object out in the world

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14
Q

rods

A

black and white
very sensitive
responds to lower light intensities (useful for night vision)
located on outer regions of retina
low visual acuity
~120 million cells in humans

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15
Q

cones

A

necessary for colour vision
visual receptors that respond to greater light intensities
high visual acuity
~6 million cells in humans

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16
Q

the fovea

A

located at the back of the eye
where our vision is the sharpest

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17
Q

the blind spot

A

where cells from the eye connect with the optic nerve, so we cannot see anything that falls on that part of the retina
(at the back of the eye)

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18
Q

the cornea

A

the outside surface of the eye
bends light that enters the eye

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19
Q

the iris

A

bands of muscle that contract and relax to regulate how much light enters the eye via the pupil

20
Q

the pupil

A

the opening into the eye, controlled by the iris

21
Q

the lens

A

can be adjusted to focus on near or far objects

22
Q

the retina

A

contains photoreceptor cells, that are stimulated by different qualities of light

23
Q

causes of myopia

A

-near-work hypothesis
people acquire myopia through working too close to computers, etc

-visual stimuli hypothesis
people acquire myopia through a lack of normal visual stimulation which impairs optic development

24
Q

visual acuity

A

sharpness of vision

25
Q

afterimage

A

after looking at something bright, when you look away you might continue to see an image or colours
the lingering visual impression is called an afterimage

26
Q

opponent-process theory of colour

A

the theory that we have 3 cone types: red, green and blue, which inhibit each other when excited

e.g. the excitation of blue cone prevents the red and green cones from being activated

27
Q

what theory of colour explains afterimages

A

the opponent-process theory of colour
prolonged excitation of red receptors means that as soon as these receptors are no longer activated, the blue and green receptors suddenly ‘spring into action’

28
Q

the central sulcus divides the…

A

frontal and parietal lobes

29
Q

3 views we can look at a scan image from

A

-coronal
-axial
-sagittal

30
Q

the visual signal crosses the hemispheres at the level of…

A

the chiasma

31
Q

liberal criterion implies…

A

high false alarms, high hits, no misses

32
Q

white light is composed of…

A

all different colours

33
Q

combining colours produces…

A

different wavelengths of light

34
Q

hue

A

distinguishes different colours from one another
colours can vary in brightness but share the same hue
e.g. light red and dark red share the same hue

35
Q

brightness

A

diffrentiates how far a colour is from black (low brightness) or white (high brightness)

36
Q

what type of colours is brightness a property of

A

both chromatic and achromatic colours

37
Q

saturation

A

the purity of colour
e.g. colours that have more achromatic colours mixed in are less saturated (less pure), than colours than have fewer achromatic colour

38
Q

synaesthesia

A

when senses collide
involves a fusion of different senses and input

39
Q

examples of synaesthesia

A

-grapheme-colour synaesthesia
letters and numbers associated with different colours

-chromaesthesia
different sounds trigger sensation of seeing colours

-auditory-tactile synaesthesia
different sounds trigger tacticle sensation in parts of the body

40
Q

grapheme-colour synaesthesia

A

letters and numbers associated with different colours

41
Q

chromaesthesia

A

different sounds trigger sensation of seeing colours

42
Q

auditory-tactile synaesthesia

A

different sounds trigger tactile sensation in parts of body

43
Q

psychophysics

A

study of how sensory experience changes with changes in sensory stimulation
(e.g. amount of light, pattern, etc)

44
Q

just noticeable difference (JND)

A

the smallest change in something that can be noticed
depends on the proportion of change to overall brightness (Weber’s Law)

45
Q

absolute threshold

A

smallest amount detectable
e.g. faintest sound you can hear

46
Q

Weber’s law

A

states that the size of the JND is in constant proportion to the size of the original stimulus value
e.g. if you can barely notice a difference in weight between 100g and 102g, you will barely be able to notice a difference in weight between 200g and 204g

Biological and General Psychology (7 decks)

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