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Biological and General Psychology > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

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1
Q

language

A

method of human communication (written, signed, spoken) using words that are used and interpreted in a structural and conventional way

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2
Q

elements of language structure

A

phonemes
morphemes
syntax
semantics

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3
Q

phonemes

A

smallest unit of speech sounds

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4
Q

phonemes example

A

‘th’, ‘er’, ‘ion’

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5
Q

morphemes

A

smallest unit of meaning

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6
Q

types of morphemes

A

function morphemes
content morphemes

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7
Q

morphemes example

A

bake + er = baker
parrot + s = parrots
play + ed = played

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8
Q

syntax

A

rules of ordering sentence components

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9
Q

english syntax rule

A

subject-verb-object

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10
Q

example of english syntax rule

A

the man pats the dog

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11
Q

semantics

A

how we get the meaning of words

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12
Q

phonological forms

A

how words sound

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12
Q

the mental lexicon

A

a store of words which link semantics, phonological forms, orthographic forms and the syntax

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13
Q

orthographic forms

A

how words look

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14
Q

functions of the mental lexicon

A

lexical access – Activation of word form, syntax and semantics
lexical selection – The best matching representation is selected
lexical integration – The word is placed in the context of the full sentence

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15
Q

organisational principles of the mental lexicon

A

morphemes – smallest unit of meaning
usage frequency – more frequently used words accessed easier than less frequently used words
phoneme neighbourhoods – words which differ by only one phoneme are stored closer together
semanic representations – words which are related in terms of their meaning are linked

16
Q

conceptual semantic networks - Collins & Loftus, 1975

A

words represented as nodes
nodes connected based on meaning
activation spreads to each node
closer nodes activated more than distant ones

17
Q

lexical acces

A

activation of word form, syntax and semantics

18
Q

lexical selection

A

the best matching representation is selected

19
Q

lexical integration

A

the word is placed in the context of the full sentence

20
Q

what is usage frequency as part of the mental lexicon

A

more frequently used words are accessed easier than less frequently used words in the mental lexicon

21
Q

what are phoneme neighbourhoods as part of the mental lexicon

A

words which differ by only one phoneme are stored closer together in the mental lexicon

22
Q

what are semantic representations as part of the mental lexicon

A

words which are related in terms of their meaning are linked in the mental lexicon

23
Q

definitional theory of language

A

each word is a bundle of meanings/ semantic features
words are integrated into categories which share features #
categories are organised hierarchically - e.g. animals is broken down into birds, etc

24
Q

prototype theory

A

each word is categorised by how much it resembles the prototype
central/ ideal category member - an average, is determined by the prototype
high prototypicality - close resemblance to the prototype
low prototypicality - does not resemble prototype

25
Q

what is a limitation of the prototype theory

A

difficult to determine what the prototype is, as this may differ across cultures, etc

26
Q

what is the model for speech production

A

state feedback control theory

phonemes + vocal tract = speech production

27
Q

prosody

A

conveying meaning beyond the words themselves
includes pitch, tone, rhythm and stress

28
Q

what are the two types of prosody

A

linguistic prosody
emotional prosody

29
Q

what are the models of speech recognition

A

Cohort model - Marslen & Wilson, 1975
TRACE model - McClelland & Ellman, 1986

30
Q

what is the cohort model of speech recognition (Marslen & Wilson, 1975)

A

acoustic input activates word representations sequentially
candidate words are deactivated if acoustic input is inconsistent

when you hear the first phoneme of the word, candidate endings will be activated in your brain. context can narrow the pool of candidates, but this comes later. mispronunciation of a word beginning really interferes with this model

31
Q

what is the TRACE model of speech recognition (McClelland & Ellman, 1986)

A

words are recognised based on their acoustic features, phonemes and semantics
as speech starts, feature and phoneme levels are activated, exciting matching and inhibiting non-matching representations

model has 3 levels:

32
Q

speech can be comprehended through…

A

prosody
interpretation of phonemes
visual cues

33
Q
A

Biological and General Psychology (7 decks)

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