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Biological and General Psychology > Cellular Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Cellular Neurophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

info processing nerve cells

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2
Q

characteristics of neurons

A

elongated
separated by synapses
in a network
electrically active
lots of them

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3
Q

function of glia

A

support neurons physically and chemically
regulates blood flow and supply of nutrients to neurons
guides development
guides neural migration and produces chemicals to stop it

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4
Q

what do some glial cells contain

A

insulating myelin

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5
Q

what does the cell body contain

A

the cell nucleus

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6
Q

synonym for cell body

A

soma

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7
Q

dendrites

A

short network of thin projections from neuron cell body
RECEIVES signals from other neurons

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8
Q

axons

A

long projection from cell body
impulse travels down axon to axon terminals
SENDS signals to other neurons

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9
Q

what are axons covered in

A

myelin sheath - a fatty substance that serves as insulation for nerve impulses travelling along the axon

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10
Q

each myelin wrapper is a projection from…

A

a glial support cell

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11
Q

myelination

A

speeds up nerve conduction
happens over development
has functional consequences if disrupted

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12
Q

what makes up the white matter in the brain

A

axons
composed of axonal fibre tracts connecting different brain areas

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13
Q

what makes up the grey matter in the brain

A

cell bodies and dendrites

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14
Q

what creates the white colour of white matter in the brain

A

comes from fatty myelin sheaths around the axon

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15
Q

how can fibre tracts in the brain be traced

A

chemical methods or diffusion MRI imaging

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16
Q

at resting state what is the voltage of the cell

A

roughly -70mV
the cell is more negative on the inside than the outside because of different concentrations of negative and positive ions

17
Q

when does an actional potential occur

A

when the inside of the cell reaches threshold (-55mV roughly)

18
Q

what voltage is threshold for an action potential to occur

A

roughly -55mV

19
Q

what pump maintains resting potential of the cell membrane

A

sodium-potassium pump

20
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

where the action potential jumps between the gaps in the myelin sheath known as nodes of ranvier

21
Q

how do glial cells communicate

A

chemically

22
Q

what is moved in and out due to the sodium potassium pump

A

3Na+ out for every 2K+ in

23
Q

what powers the sodium potassium pump

A

energy produced from ATP -> ADP + Pi + energy

24
Q

how is ADP formed for the sodium potassium pump to work

A

ATP -> ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate) + energy
hydrolysis of ATP (adding a molecule of H20) creates ADP + an inorganic phosphate + energy
the energy is used to pump 3Na+ out and 2K+ in to the membrane

25
Q

ligand gated ion channels

A

neurotransmitter gated ion channels
activated by the binding of a specific molecule (ligand)
a ligand can be a neurotransmitter, hormone, drug, etc

26
Q

depolarisation

A

occurs when threshold is reached (-55mV)
sodium ion channels open and sodium ions enter the neuron
makes the voltage increase

27
Q

repolarisation

A

occurs when roughly +30mV is reached
sodium ion channels close and potassium ion channels open and potassium ions enter the neuron
causes the voltage to decrease as the membrane is more permeable to potassium ions so they diffuse out of the neuron down the concentration gradient

28
Q

hyperpolarisation and refractory period

A

potassium ion channels are delayed to close so the voltage goes below resting potential (below -70mV)
known as the refractory period as voltage goes below resting potential and then increases again to restore -70mV

29
Q

what causes a neuron to fire

A

stimulation of a neuron with electric current can cause it to fire

30
Q

more electricity = …

A

more electricity = more action potentials

31
Q

describe process of synaptic transmission of neurotransmitters

A

presynaptic neuron excited by action potential
vesicles containing neurotransmitters bind to presynaptic membrane to release neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters released into synapse and diffuse across it
neurotransmitters bind to post synaptic receptors
this works via lock and key mechanism
this changes the polarisation of the cell
chemical activity either causes AP in next neuron or not

Biological and General Psychology (7 decks)

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